Evidence cluster — nutrition in canine lymphoma (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

Representative peer-reviewed studies (verbatim abstracts)

The following studies were retrieved from Europe PMC / PubMed and are reproduced verbatim. Interpretive synthesis is left to the API user.

PMID:41593674 — Ovarian T-cell lymphoma in a dog with chronic protein-losing enteropathy.

Source: Acta Vet Scand 2026
Acta Vet Scand. 2026 Jan 27;68(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13028-025-00847-0.

Ovarian T-cell lymphoma in a dog with chronic protein-losing enteropathy.

Mortensen JK(1), Wikström E(2), van de Velde N(2).

Author information: (1)Gothenburg Animal Hospital Evidensia, Produktvägen 5, 435 33, Mölnlycke, Sweden. jacob.mortensen@evidensia.se. (2)Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Swedish Veterinary Agency, Ulls väg 2B, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Lymphoma is one of the most common malignancies in dogs, but ovarian lymphoma is exceedingly rare, with only a few reported cases. Most canine lymphomas are of B-cell origin, whereas T-cell lymphomas are generally associated with a more aggressive clinical course. Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a well-documented cause of hypoalbuminemia in dogs, often resulting from lymphangiectasia or chronic enteropathies. The potential relationship between chronic immune-mediated disease and the development of lymphoma remains unclear. CASE PRESENTATION: A 10-year-old intact female Miniature Poodle presented with chronic diarrhea, ascites and hypoalbuminemia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe intestinal mucosal striation, consistent with PLE, but no evidence of neoplasia. The dog was treated with methylprednisolone, chlorambucil, and cyclosporine, achieving long-term clinical stability. Fourteen months after initial presentation, the dog developed acute gastrointestinal signs, and ultrasound revealed an ovarian mass. Cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of ovarian T-cell lymphoma. No other neoplastic lesions were detected at that time raising the possibility of a primary ovarian origin, though widespread disease at necropsy suggests secondary involvement. The dog remained clinically stable for five months after lymphoma diagnosis but ultimately developed widespread disease, including hepatic, splenic, and adrenal involvement, leading to euthanasia. Necropsy confirmed multi-organ dissemination of the T-cell lymphoma, while histopathology of the intestines revealed signs of chronic lymphangiectasia but no definitive diagnosis of intestinal lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of extranodal lymphoma in dogs and the importance of considering neoplasia in cases of chronic protein-losing enteropathy. The potential role of chronic inflammation and long-term immunosuppressive therapy in lymphomagenesis remains unclear and warrants further study.

DOI: 10.1186/s13028-025-00847-0 PMCID: PMC12837353 PMID: 41593674 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not require official or institutional ethical approval. The animal was handled according to high ethical standards and national legislation. Consent for publication: The authors have obtained consent from the dog owner to perform the autopsy and publish the case. Prior publication: Data have not been published previously. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:Acta Vet Scand 2026

Acta Vet Scand. 2026 Jan 27;68(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13028-025-00847-0.

Ovarian T-cell lymphoma in a dog with chronic protein-losing enteropathy.

Mortensen JK(1), Wikst

PMID:42052348 — Genotoxic exposures to volatile organic compounds in golden retrievers with and without multicentric lymphoma.

Source: Front Vet Sci 2026
Front Vet Sci. 2026 Apr 13;13:1783854. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1783854.

eCollection 2026.

Genotoxic exposures to volatile organic compounds in golden retrievers with and without multicentric lymphoma.

Tindle AN(1), Krueger LM(1), Swafford B(2), Labadie J(2), Trepanier LA(1).

Author information: (1)Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States. (2)Scientific Programs Department, Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, CO, United States.

Canine multicentric lymphoma is a common cancer in dogs with poor long-term outcomes. In people, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but this risk is not clear for lymphoma in dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate whether dogs with lymphoma were more likely to be exposed to DNA-damaging concentrations of VOCs compared to unaffected controls. We measured stable urinary metabolites of the VOCs benzene, xylene, and 1,3-butadiene in golden retrievers with multicentric lymphoma and matched unaffected controls at 2 time points: the time of diagnosis and 1 year prior. We then determined genotoxic effects for xylene and bioactivated benzene in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro and compared them to in vivo blood concentrations estimated using reverse dosimetry. All dogs had detectible urinary concentrations of the benzene metabolites PHMA and MUCA, the xylene metabolite 34MHA, and 1,3-butadiene metabolites MHB3 and DHBM, with no differences between cases and controls. Six of 30 cases and none of 30 controls were positive for urinary cotinine, a marker of secondhand smoke (p = 0.028), but urinary VOC concentrations did not differ between cotinine-positive and -negative dogs. Bioactivated benzene was genotoxic to canine PBMCs at ≥ 10 uM and xylene was genotoxic at ≥ 0.5 uM. Estimated blood benzene and xylene concentrations reached genotoxic exposures in most dogs. These results support a recommendation to reduce VOC exposures in pet dogs, for example by using activated carbon indoor air filtration units rated for VOC removal.

DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1783854 PMCID: PMC13111026 PMID: 42052348

Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:Front Vet Sci 2026

Front Vet Sci. 2026 Apr 13;13:1783854. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1783854.

eCollection 2026.

Genotoxic exposures to volatile organic compounds in golden retrievers with a

PMID:41030417 — Successful management of inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feed in a dog.

Source: Can Vet J 2025
Can Vet J. 2025 Oct 1;66(10):1053-1056. eCollection 2025 Oct.

Successful management of inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feed in a dog.

Nugen S(1), Walton R(1), Hyde B(1).

Author information: (1)VCA West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Emergency and Critical Care (Nugen, Walton); VCA West Los Angeles Animal Hospital (Hyde).

An 11-year-old spayed female terrier mix dog weighing 6.38 kg was presented to the emergency department of a large specialty hospital for hyporexia and lethargy. The dog was diagnosed with a perforated duodenal mass. On exploratory laparotomy, a perforated mass along the duodenal flexure was identified, an intestinal resection and anastomosis was performed, and a nasogastric tube was placed. Two days after surgery, the dog erroneously received 16 mL of a commercially formulated liquid diet through a triple-lumen jugular catheter. When the medical error was detected, 4 mL of diet and blood was aspirated from the jugular catheter. The catheter tip and a sample of the diet were submitted for culture. Culture results of the catheter revealed no growth, but the food grew methicillin-resistant staphylococcus. At 5 d following the inadvertent administration, the dog was discharged on clindamycin 11 mg/kg, q12h and cefpodoxime 7.5 mg/kg, PO, q12h for 10 d. Histopathology of small intestinal mass was consistent with large cell lymphoma. The dog was re-evaluated 2 wk following surgery and was doing well. Key clinical message: Inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feed is a serious medical error; however, this case report serves to describe a successful outcome.

Publisher: Prise en charge réussie d’une administration intraveineuse accidentelle d’aliment entéral chez un chienUne chienne croisée terrier stérilisée, âgée de 11 ans et pesant 6,38 kg, a été présentée aux urgences d’un grand hôpital spécialisé pour hyporexie et léthargie. Une masse duodénale perforée a été diagnostiquée. Une laparotomie exploratoire a permis d’identifier une masse perforée le long de la courbure duodénale. Une résection et une anastomose intestinales ont été réalisées, et une sonde nasogastrique a été mise en place. Deux jours après l’intervention, la chienne a reçu par erreur 16 mL d’un aliment liquide de formule commerciale par cathéter jugulaire à triple lumière. Lorsque l’erreur médicale a été détectée, 4 mL d’aliment et de sang ont été aspirés du cathéter jugulaire. L’extrémité du cathéter et un échantillon de l’aliment ont été soumis pour une culture. Les résultats de la culture du cathéter n’ont révélé aucune croissance, mais un staphylocoque résistant à la méthicilline a été isolé de l’aliment. Cinq jours après l’administration accidentelle, le chien a obtenu son congé de l’hôpital avec prise de clindamycine 11 mg/kg toutes les 12 h et céfpodoxime 7,5 mg/kg, PO, toutes les 12 h pendant 10 jours. L’histopathologie de la masse intestinale était compatible avec un lymphome à grandes cellules. Le chien a été réévalué 2 semaines après l’intervention et se portait bien.Message clinique clé :L’administration intraveineuse accidentelle d’alimentation entéral est une erreur médicale grave; cependant, ce cas clinique décrit une issue favorable.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

PMCID: PMC12477732 PMID: 41030417 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:Can Vet J 2025

Can Vet J. 2025 Oct 1;66(10):1053-1056. eCollection 2025 Oct.

Successful management of inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feed in a dog.

Nugen S(1), Walton

PMID:41473101 — Case Report: Dose-dependent response to oclacitinib in a dog with Sézary syndrome.

Source: Front Vet Sci 2025
Front Vet Sci. 2025 Dec 15;12:1645059. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1645059.

eCollection 2025.

Case Report: Dose-dependent response to oclacitinib in a dog with Sézary syndrome.

Lym J(1), Chae Y(1), Kim S(2), Lee S(1), Koo Y(3), Kim H(1), Kang BT(1), Kim S(2), Yun T(1).

Author information: (1)Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. (2)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Platelet Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. (3)Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETL) is a rare malignant canine skin tumor. Sézary syndrome, a rare and aggressive subtype of CETL, lacks established treatment guidelines in veterinary medicine. A 10-year-old, spayed female Yorkshire Terrier presented with multiple skin nodules, plaques, crusts, and pruritus. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations confirmed CETL, and Sézary cells were identified in a peripheral blood smear, confirming Sézary syndrome. The dog was initially treated with oclacitinib 0.7 mg/kg twice daily. Marked clinical improvement was observed on day 15 with the disappearance of Sézary cells. However, by day 32, the skin lesions had worsened, and the oclacitinib dose was increased to 3 mg/kg twice daily. Subsequent improvements were noted within 12 days, although a relapse occurred on day 63. Immunohistochemical staining revealed moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), an oclacitinib target. This case demonstrated that both low- and high-dose oclacitinib may offer temporary clinical benefits in dogs with Sézary syndrome, potentially via JAK1 inhibition. Although the duration of the response was limited, the survival period exceeded that of previously reported canine cases of Sézary syndrome. These findings support further investigation of Janus kinase inhibitors as therapeutic options for Sézary syndrome and other forms of CETL in veterinary patients.

DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1645059 PMCID: PMC12745446 PMID: 41473101

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:Front Vet Sci 2025

Front Vet Sci. 2025 Dec 15;12:1645059. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1645059.

eCollection 2025.

Case Report: Dose-dependent response to oclacitinib in a dog with Sézary syn

PMID:41582069 — Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies.

Source: J Small Anim Pract 2026
J Small Anim Pract. 2026 Jun;67(6):492-503. doi: 10.1111/jsap.70089. Epub 2026

Jan 25.

Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies.

Kathrani A(#)(1), Allenspach K(2), Dito D(3), Hernandez J(4)(5), Unterer S(6), Vecchio M(3), Webb C(7), Tolbert MK(#)(8).

Author information: (1)Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK. (2)Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA. (3)Royal Canin Research Centre, Aimargues, France. (4)Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Nantes, France. (5)Microbiota Interaction With Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France. (6)Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. (7)Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. (8)Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. (#)Contributed equally

Dietary management represents the cornerstone of treatment for chronic enteropathy in dogs, with approximately 50% of cases in referral practice responding to dietary intervention alone. Success rates improve significantly when multiple systematic diet trials are implemented. Clinical experience suggests that dogs with suboptimal response to dietary therapy alone should be maintained on their most effective diet while additional therapies are introduced, potentially reducing medication requirements and associated adverse effects. Treatment decisions should prioritise individual patient assessment and thorough documentation of responses to each dietary intervention rather than adherence to arbitrary trial protocols. Currently, the literature lacks unified nutritional recommendations for canine chronic enteropathy management. This review aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the nutritional management of chronic enteropathy in dogs. Recommendations were derived from review of available studies, supplemented by expert clinical experience where published evidence was insufficient. While individual diet selection remains largely guided by empirical evidence, the recommendations presented herein, based on collective clinical expertise, offer a structured approach to optimise therapeutic outcomes in canine chronic enteropathy.

DOI: 10.1111/jsap.70089 PMCID: PMC13244424 PMID: 41582069 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: Drs. Kathrani, Allenspach, Hernandez, Webb, Unterer and Tolbert are members of the Royal Canin GI Scientific Advisory Board. Dr. Tolbert has received honoraria and/or paid travel expenses for speaking engagements on behalf of Royal Canin, Hill’s, Nestle Purina, Purina Institute and TikiCat and has received funding from Royal Canin and Nestle Purina for scientific research. Dr. Allenspach has received paid travel expenses from Nestle Purina. Dr. Kathrani has received honoraria from Nestle Purina, Purina Institute, Royal Canin and Hill’s and has received funding from Waltham, Royal Canin and Nestle Purina for scientific research. Dr. Unterer has received honoraria and travel expenses from Nestle Purina and Hill’s. Drs. Hernandez and Tolbert have received funding from Royal Canin for scientific research. Drs. Vecchio and Dito are employees of Royal Canin. Dr Kathrani is an associate editor of the Journal of Small Animal Practice and a co‐author of this article. She was excluded from editorial decision‐making related to the acceptance of this article for publication in this journal.

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:J Small Anim Pract 2026

J Small Anim Pract. 2026 Jun;67(6):492-503. doi: 10.1111/jsap.70089. Epub 2026

Jan 25.

Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies.

Kath

PMID:42004781 — Secondhand smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in dogs and cats: A scoping review with implications for smoking cessation among pet owners.

Source: Tob Prev Cessat 2026
Tob Prev Cessat. 2026 Apr 16;12. doi: 10.18332/tpc/217790. eCollection 2026.

Secondhand smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in dogs and cats: A scoping review with implications for smoking cessation among pet owners.

Cerquetella M(1), Zagà V(2), Gardi V(3), Marchegiani A(1), Vitturini C(1), Cattaruzza MS(4).

Author information: (1)School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. (2)Independent Researcher, Bologna, Italy. (3)Department of Legal Studies, Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy. (4)Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.

INTRODUCTION: The harmful effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on human health are well established, whereas its impact on pets remains underexplored and less widely recognized by both the scientific community and the general public. This scoping review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the health effects of SHS and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol exposure in dogs and cats. METHODS: An in-depth PubMed search was conducted using predefined keywords, limited to free full texts in English with available abstracts and relevance to the topic. RESULTS: Twenty-six eligible articles were analyzed. Of the 11 studies investigating cancers, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases in dogs and cats, over half reported statistically significant associations with SHS. Biomarkers such as cotinine were identified in serum, urine, fur, and amniotic fluid, confirming that pets are not only passive recipients of human environmental exposures but may also serve as environmental sentinels within a One Health framework. No eligible studies addressed e-cigarette aerosol in pets, but human data indicate potential risks. Notably, awareness of SHS risks to pets may motivate owners to adopt smoke-free behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some inconsistencies, available evidence supports the harmful effects of SHS in pets. Veterinary and public health professionals can leverage these findings to raise awareness and promote smoking cessation, integrating pet welfare into tobacco control strategies. Further studies are needed to standardize exposure assessment and evaluate long-term health effects.

DOI: 10.18332/tpc/217790 PMCID: PMC13085830 PMID: 42004781

Conflict of interest statement: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.

Abstract (verbatim excerpt):

JOURNAL:Tob Prev Cessat 2026

Tob Prev Cessat. 2026 Apr 16;12. doi: 10.18332/tpc/217790. eCollection 2026.

Secondhand smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in dogs and cats: A scoping review wit