Amphibian — life stage (owner-practical care, Merck Veterinary Manual pet-owner)
Source: first-hand Merck Veterinary Manual pet-owner text, saved to source_file; every claim below is a C1 byte-substring of it.
Claims
Depending on the species' needs, cage-floor coverings can include gravel, soil, sphagnum moss, and mulch.Adults of both land and aquatic species usually eat invertebrates (animals without backbones) such as earthworms, bloodworms, black worms (typically fed to aquatic amphibians), white worms (for both aquatic and semiaquatic amphibians), tubifex worms, springtails, fruit flies, fly larvae, mealworms, and crickets.Most invertebrates do not have the right calcium-to-phosphorus ratio to support healthy bone growth in amphibians (earthworms are an exception), and they often lack key vitamins.Adult amphibians breathe through lungs and also through their skin, which must stay moist for oxygen exchange.Spot cleaning of cage-floor coverings should be done daily to weekly, and floor coverings should be completely replaced every few weeks to months, depending on the covering used.
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Source: pdf-raw/owner-care/merck_amphibian.txt · https://www.merckvetmanual.com/all-other-pets