Pomeranian — Hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)
Source: first-hand OMIA (University of Sydney) breed-specific hereditary-disorder record, saved verbatim to source_file; every claim below is a C1 byte-substring of it.
Claims
Breed: Pomeranian (Dog)Disorder: Hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemiaMode of inheritance: Autosomal recessiveSummary: This entry focuses on hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia and resulting urate urolithiasis. Not all dogs with hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia will develop urolithiasis. For cystine urolithiasis see various entries for cystinuria: [OMIA:000256-9615] : Cystinuria, type I - A in Canis lupus familiaris (dog), [OMIA:001879-9615]: Cystinuria, type II - A in Canis lupus familiaris (dog),[OMIA:001880-9615] : Cystinuria, type II - B in Canis lupus familiaris (dog), [OMIA:001881-9615] : Cystinuria, type III in Canis lupus familiaris (dog). The reference list below includes some papers relating to other forms of urolithiasis (e.g. calcium oxalate or struvites) and it is noted that some forms of urolithiasis do not have a genetic aetiology. For example, any cause of severe hepatic dysfunction may predispose dogs to urate lithogenesis (Bartges et al., 1999).- `Clin feat: Individuals with a mutation at the SLC2A9 gene accumulate uric acid due to inefficient transport of uric acid in both the liver and renal proximal tubules (Bannasch et al., 2008). High levels of uric acid excretion predispose the formation of ammonium urate uroliths (Bartges and Callens, 2015). Clinical signs are secondary to urate urolith formation in the ureter, bladder, and urethra. Uroliths are more commonly reported in male dogs with the first episode of calculus formation in Dalmatians in males at about 4.5 years and in females at 5.5 years of age (Case et al. 1993). Affected dogs may have pollakiuria or hematuria, or they may be asymptomatic. Small uroliths may be voided in urine, or the urine may be turbid. If urethral obstruction is present, owners may notice the dog attempting to urinate and not voiding any urine or systemic signs of obstructive uropathy (i.e., anorexia, vomiting, muscle fasciculations, depression, collapse). Urate nephroliths may be asymptomatic or may be associated with silent gross hematuria. Nephroliths that obstruct both renal pelves or both ureters are associated with systemic signs of postrenal azotemia (Bartges et al. 1999) Systemically, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration can be observed in some animals (Bartges and Callens, 2015).