Dog — Care & Reference Manual

Automated compilation. This manual assembles the 100 verified fact blocks in the Pet Data Station database that mention dog, organized by topic type. Every factual statement is reproduced verbatim from its cited first-hand source — no summarization, no added claim; lines that could not be verified verbatim against the source (display scaffolding, editorial notes) are omitted. Source links point to the original document.

Health & Disease — 1 block(s)
Toxicology & Hazards — 6 block(s)
Regulations & Legality — 37 block(s)
China-Specific — 10 block(s)
Japan-Specific — 2 block(s)
Research Evidence — 44 block(s)

Health & Disease

Health blocks cover common conditions and their investigation status, drawn from regulatory and veterinary references. Presented verbatim. (1 block.)

FDA DCM investigation — Feb 19 2019 CVM update: 300 reports (294 canine/6 feline) through Nov 30 2018; investigation paused by appropriations lapse; 90% grain-free among single-diet cases

Between January 1, 2014, and November 30, 2018, the FDA received 300 reports of DCM (294 canine reports, 6 feline reports)

This update does not include reports received in December and January due to the lapse in appropriations from December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019.

In cases in which dogs ate a single primary diet (i.e., didn’t eat multiple food products, excluding treats), 90 percent reported feeding a grain-free food.

Source: https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/cvm-updates/fda-provides-update-investigation-potential-connection-between-certain-diets-and-cases-canine-heart

Toxicology & Hazards

Toxicology blocks list substances and hazards to avoid, drawn from veterinary toxicology references. Presented verbatim. (6 blocks.)

Pet acute-toxicity numeric thresholds — grapes / raisins (dogs)

One of the more striking poisonings to have emerged as a potential concern over the last few years has been that of raisin poisoning in dogs.

The ingested doses involved in these fatal cases ranged from 10 to 57 g of fruit per kg b. wt.

There are now several reports that confirm that ingestion of these fruits can cause renal failure in dogs.

Grapes contain an unknown toxin

The general consensus at present is that potentially any dose should be considered a problem.

Estimated amounts of grapes associated with renal injury in dogs are about 32 g/kg; amounts of raisins associated with signs range from 11–30 g/kg

Pet acute-toxicity numeric thresholds — onion / garlic (Allium, dogs & cats)

Consumption of as little as 5 g/kg of onions in cats or 15 to 30 g/kg in dogs has resulted in clinically important hematologic changes

Onion toxicosis is consistently noted in animals that ingest more than 0.5% of their b. wt. in onions at one time.

Cats are more susceptible than dogs.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is considered to be less toxic and safe for dogs than onion when used in moderation.

Garlic is toxic also for horses, at a daily dose of >0.2 g/kg causes Heinz body anemia in them

The toxic components in all type of onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, and other plants of the Allium family, are sulfoxides and aliphatic sulfides

Pet acute-toxicity thresholds — Chocolate / theobromine (methylxanthine concentrations by product + clinical effect doses in dogs)

"A 10-kilogram dog can be seriously affected if it eats a quarter of a 250 g packet of cocoa powder or half of a 250 g block of cooking chocolate."

Pet toxin — Brewing Hops (malignant hyperthermia in dogs)

Beer Hops, Common Hops, European Hops

Hops flowers are used in the fermentation process of brewing beer.

After fermentation the used hops are discarded.

Ingestion of used hops by dogs can result in rapid onset, life-threatening high fever with clinical signs of panting, racing heart rate, vomiting, seizure, and death.

Any breed or mixed-breed of dog may be affected, but breeds predisposed to high fever disorder including Greyhound, Labrador Retriever, Saint Bernard, Pointer breeds, Doberman, Border Collie, and American Cocker Spaniel are at higher risk for hops poisoning.

Source: https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/hops/

Pet toxin — Ibuprofen (NSAID; GI ulceration, kidney impairment, neurological; dogs & cats)

Advil®, Motrin®

Ibuprofen is a human-specific, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); this medication should not be administered to companion animals.

When ingested in toxic amounts, ibuprofen can result in severe clinicals signs including gastrointestinal ulceration (e.g., vomiting and diarrhea with blood), kidney impairment (e.g., inital excessive urination to no urine production), and neurological disorder (depression, coma, death).

Source: https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/ibuprofen/

Pet toxin — Sago Palm / Cycad (Cycasin; liver failure in dogs, cats, horses)

Scientific Name: Cycas revoluta, zamia species

Family: Cycadaceae

Toxicity: Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses

Toxic Principles: Cycasin

Clinical Signs: Vomiting, melena, icterus, increased thirst, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, bruising, coagulopathy, liver damage, liver failure, death.

Source: https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/sago-palm

Regulations & Legality

Regulation blocks quote the legal text of mandatory vaccination statutes. Presented verbatim. (37 blocks.)

Beijing — banned dog breeds in key management areas (北京市农业局公告京农畜字〔2003〕47号)

根据《北京市养犬管理规定》，北京市农业局制定了北京市养犬重点管理区准养犬类标准，特此公告。

重点管理区内原则上应饲养成年体高35厘米以下(含35厘米)的小型玩赏犬。如：巴哥、北京犬、博美、查理士王小猎犬、蝴蝶犬、吉娃娃、马尔吉斯、迷你杜宾、西施、约克夏、迷你贵宾犬等犬种。

重点管理区应禁止饲养烈性犬及成年体高超过35厘米的犬种。如：獒犬、德国杜宾犬、圣伯纳犬、大丹犬、大白熊犬、波恩山犬、罗威纳犬、威玛猎犬、雪达犬、阿富汗猎犬、猎狐犬、寻血猎犬、爱尔兰狼犬、沙克犬、灵缇、苏俄牧羊犬、巴仙吉犬、澳洲牧羊犬、比利时牧羊犬、法兰德斯牧羊犬、长须牧羊犬、苏格兰牧羊犬、德国牧羊犬、古典英国牧羊犬、英国斗牛犬、松狮犬、斑点犬、荷兰毛狮犬、秋田犬、纽芬兰犬、雪橇犬、贝林登梗、伯德梗、牛头梗、凯利兰梗等犬种。

用于导盲和生活扶助的工作犬，不受35厘米体高的限制。

California — 'potentially dangerous dog' definition (Food & Ag Code § 31602)

"31602."

"“Potentially dangerous dog” means any of the following:"

"Any dog which, when unprovoked, on two separate occasions within the prior 36-month period, engages in any behavior that requires a defensive action by any person to prevent bodily injury when the person and the dog are off the property of the owner or keeper of the dog."

"Any dog which, when unprovoked, bites a person causing a less severe injury than as defined in Section 31604."

"Any dog which, when unprovoked, on two separate occasions within the prior 36-month period, has killed, seriously bitten, inflicted injury, or otherwise caused injury attacking a domestic animal off the property of the owner or keeper of the dog."

California — 'vicious dog' definition (Food & Ag Code § 31603)

"31603."

"“Vicious dog” means either of the following:"

"Any dog that, when unprovoked, in an aggressive manner, inflicts severe injury on or kills a human being."

"Any dog previously determined to be and currently listed as a potentially dangerous dog that, after its owner or keeper has been notified of this determination, continues the behavior described in Section 31602 or is maintained in violation of Section 31641, 31642, or 31643."

California — findings on potentially dangerous & vicious dogs (Food & Ag Code § 31601)

"31601."

"CHAPTER 9. Potentially Dangerous and Vicious Dogs [31601 - 31683]"

"The Legislature finds and declares all of the following:"

"Potentially dangerous and vicious dogs have become a serious and widespread threat to the safety and welfare of citizens of this state."

"The necessity for the regulation and control of vicious and potentially dangerous dogs is a statewide problem, requiring statewide regulation, and existing laws are inadequate to deal with the threat to public health and safety posed by vicious and potentially dangerous dogs."

California — rabies vaccination compulsory for dogs in rabies areas (Health & Safety Code § 121690)

"CHAPTER 1. Rabies Control [121575 - 121710]"

"In rabies areas, all of the following shall apply:"

"Every owner of a dog, after the dog attains the age of four months, shall no less than once every two years secure a license for the dog"

"Every owner of a dog, after the dog attains the age of three months or older, shall, at intervals of time not more often than once a year, as may be prescribed by the department, procure its vaccination by a licensed veterinarian with a canine antirabies vaccine approved by the department and administered according to the vaccine label"

"A dog that is exempt from the vaccination requirements of this section shall be considered unvaccinated."

"A dog that is exempt from the provisions of this section shall not have contact with a dog or cat that is not currently vaccinated against rabies."

China — 南京市养犬管理条例 (Nanjing Dog-Management Regulation, 2007): registration, banned large/strong breeds, carcass cremation

中文原文：南京市养犬管理条例

中文原文：第九条重点管理区养犬实行登记制度．犬只未经登记的，任何单位和个人不得饲养。

中文原文：第二十四条重点管理区养犬还应当遵守下列规定：（一）个人养犬每户限养一只，不得饲养烈性犬、大型犬。

中文原文：第十条重点管理区内个人申请养犬应当具备下列条件：

中文原文：不得在重点管理区掩埋和随意丢弃犬尸，应当对犬尸进行火化。

中文原文：重点管理区内单位申请养犬应当具备下列条件：

Source: http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/zdgk/201712/t20171229_1057123.html

China — 杭州限制养犬规定 (Hangzhou restricted-dog rules): 重点限养区禁止饲养烈性犬/大型犬

中文原文：杭州市限制养犬规定杭州市第十届人大常委会公告第40号

中文原文：第八条重点限养区内禁止饲养烈性犬、大型犬，禁止从事犬类的养殖、销售活动。

中文原文：重点安全保卫单位或科研单位因护卫、科研需要确需养犬的，须凭该单位上级主管部门的证明材料，经所在地公安派出所审核同意后，报犬类主管部门批准。

中文原文：有本市常住或暂住户口、独户居室并具有民事行为能力的公民，在重点限养区内需要饲养小型观赏犬的

中文原文：在一般限养区内需要养犬的，须凭居（村）委会证明材料，并经所在地街道办事处（乡镇政府）审核同意后，报犬类主管部门批准。

China — 武汉养犬管理条例 (Wuhan dog-keeping rules 2025): 全市禁养烈性犬/大型犬 + 重点区每户一只

中文原文：第六条本市禁止饲养、出售烈性犬和大型犬，导盲犬、助残犬除外。禁止饲养、出售的烈性犬、大型犬的具体名录，由市公安机关会同市农业农村主管部门确定，报经市人民政府批准后向社会公布。

中文原文：第七条重点管理区内个人养犬每户限养一只。所养犬只繁殖幼犬的，养犬人应当自犬只出生之日起六十日内，将超出限养数量的犬只自行妥善处理或者送交犬只收容、留检场所。

中文原文：从境外进口的犬只，在办理养犬登记时，应当提供海关出具的入境货物检验检疫证明。

中文原文：第十三条农业农村主管部门负责监督管理犬只免疫、检疫和病死犬只无害化处理、动物诊疗机构等工作。

中文原文：鼓励养犬人对饲养的犬只实施绝育。

China — 苏州市养犬管理条例 (Suzhou Dog-Management Regulation): registration, one-dog limit, banned breed list by public notice

中文原文：苏州市养犬管理条例

中文原文：第十一条本市实行养犬登记制度。养犬人应当在犬只免疫后依照本条例规定，向公安机关申请养犬登记，取得养犬登记证。未经登记，任何单位和个人不得饲养犬龄超过四个月的犬只。

中文原文：重点管理区域内个人饲养犬只的，每户限养一条。

中文原文：大型犬只的标准和烈性犬只的品种目录，由市公安机关会同市畜牧兽医部门、相关行业协会，根据国家有关规定和实际需要确定、调整，并向社会公布。

中文原文：第二十一条禁止携带犬只进入饭店、园林、封闭式公园、健身步道、机关、学校、幼儿园、青少年活动中心、妇女儿童活动中心、工人文化宫、养老院、医院、图书馆、展览馆、博物馆、美术馆、影剧院、体育场馆

中文原文：第十四条个人申请养犬登记应当符合下列条件：

Source: https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/gbdfxfg/202206/0ade06f21d814de297d4a68c38b331e6.shtml

China — 重庆禁养烈性犬/攻击性犬目录 (Chongqing banned dog breeds, 2023): 32-breed list + 大型犬标准

中文原文：重庆市第五届人民代表大会常务委员会第三十八次会议审议通过了《重庆市养犬管理条例》（〔五届〕第207号），于2023年6月1日施行。

中文原文：第十二条规定“重点管理区、一般管理区按照各自禁养犬只种类目录规定，不得饲养相应的烈性犬、攻击性犬。饲养大型犬应当符合相关规定。禁养的烈性犬、攻击性犬种类目录和大型犬的标准由市农业农村部门会同市公安机关确定，并向社会公布”。

中文原文：重庆市禁养烈性犬、攻击性犬种类目录和大型犬标准（试行）

中文原文：1.藏獒；2.纽波利顿（别名：意大利獒犬，拿破仑犬）；3.巴西菲勒（别名：巴西獒犬）；4.波尔多（别名：法国獒犬）；5.杜高（别名：阿根廷獒犬）

中文原文：饲养大型犬应当符合相关规定。

Delaware — rabies vaccination required for dogs, cats, and ferrets (3 Del. C. § 8204)

CHAPTER 82. Rabies Control in Animal and Human Populations

Subchapter I. Rabies Control in Animal and Human Populations

§ 8204. Rabies vaccination required for dogs, cats, and ferrets; antirabies clinics.

(a) Vaccination of dogs. — (1) Any person owning a dog 6 months of age or older in this State shall have that dog vaccinated against rabies by a licensed veterinarian, or by a licensed veterinary technician working under the indirect supervision of a licensed veterinarian if the dog is in a shelter and is owned by the shelter;

exemption from vaccination against rabies may be permitted if a licensed veterinarian has examined the animal and based on the veterinarian’s professional judgment, has certified in writing that at the time, vaccination would endanger the animal’s health because of its infirmity, disability, illness, or other medical considerations

Source: https://delcode.delaware.gov/title3/c082/sc01/index.html

EU Travellers' Points of Entry for pet dogs, cats & ferrets from non-EU countries (designated entry locations)

Dogs, cats and ferrets moved for non-commercial purposes into an EU country from a non-EU country or territory other than Andorra, Switzerland, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Greenland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, and Vatican City State, must enter through the following travellers' points of entry designated by each EU country, where they are subjected to documentary and identity checks by the competent authorities

Other countries with special agreements Switzerland (CH) Norway (NO) United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)

EU commercial movements of pet dogs, cats & ferrets within the EU — Reg (EU) 2020/688, establishment of origin, rabies, tapeworm

"The animal must be at least 12 weeks old on the date the primary vaccine was administered."

"The date of administration of the vaccine must not precede the date of identification or reading of the microchip."

"The period of validity of the vaccination must start no fewer than 21 days from the completion of the vaccination protocol for the primary vaccination, and any subsequent vaccination must have been carried out within the period of validity of the preceding vaccination."

Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R0688

EU entry requirements for pet dogs, cats & ferrets from a non-EU country (microchip, rabies, antibody titration, tapeworm, AHC)

The pet animal (dog, cat or ferret) must be identified by the implantation of a microchip

The pet animal (dog, cat or ferret) must be vaccinated against rabies by an official or an authorised veterinarian

The period of validity of the vaccination starts not less than 21 days from the completion of the vaccination protocol

The test must measure a level of neutralising antibody to rabies virus in serum equal to or greater than 0,5 IU/ml.

Pet dogs (not pet cats or pet ferrets) must be treated against the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis prior to entering: any EU country listed in Annex XIX

Be administered by a veterinarian within a period of not more than 120 hours and not less than 24 hours before the time of scheduled entry.

The maximum number of pet animals (dogs, cats or ferrets) which may be moved for non-commercial purposes is 5 in a single vehicle

valid for 10 days from the date of issue by the official veterinarian until the date of the documentary and identity checks at the travellers' points of entry designated by each EU country.

EU non-commercial pet travel within the EU (dog/cat/ferret between member states) — microchip, rabies, tapeworm, max 5 animals

"The maximum number of pet animals (dogs, cats or ferrets) which may be moved for non-commercial purposes is 5 in a single vehicle."

"The animal was at least 12 weeks old at the date the vaccine was administered."

"The date of administration of the vaccine does not precede the date of identification or reading of the microchip."

"The period of validity of the vaccination starts not less than 21 days from the completion of the vaccination protocol for the primary vaccination, and any subsequent vaccination was carried out within the period of validity of the preceding vaccination."

Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R0131

EU young pet animals (dogs/cats/ferrets) rabies vaccination exemptions — Article 9 of Reg (EU) 2026/131, member-state table

EU countries have discretion to determine whether they allow the introduction onto their territory of "young dogs, cats and ferrets"

"young dogs, cats and ferrets", i.e. dogs, cats and ferrets which are: less than 12 weeks old and have not received an anti-rabies vaccination, or between 12 and 16 weeks old and have received an anti-rabies vaccination but are not yet fully protected (i.e. do not met the validity requirements for the anti-rabies vaccination).

Young dogs, cats and ferrets may be moved: Within the EU for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Article 9 of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/131

Young dogs, cats and ferrets cannot be moved into the EU from a non-EU country or territory for whatever purposes.

Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R0131

Florida — rabies vaccination compulsory for dogs, cats, and ferrets (Statute § 828.30)

828.30 Rabies vaccination of dogs, cats, and ferrets.—

(1)(a) All dogs, cats, and ferrets 4 months of age or older must be vaccinated by a licensed veterinarian or a person authorized under paragraph (b) against rabies with a vaccine that is licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture for use in those species.

(c) The owner of every dog, cat, and ferret shall have the animal revaccinated 12 months after the initial vaccination.

(2) A dog, cat, or ferret is exempt from vaccination against rabies if a licensed veterinarian has examined the animal and has certified in writing that at the time vaccination would endanger the animal’s health because of its age, infirmity, disability, illness, or other medical considerations.

Source: https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2024/828.30

Great Britain pet entry requirements for dogs & cats (microchip, rabies 21-day wait, tapeworm window, AHC, quarantine)

They must be microchipped before they get their rabies vaccination.

This will be at least 21 full days after the first vaccination (or the last of the first course of vaccinations).

Your dog must be treated no less than 24 hours before (and no more than 5 days before) you arrive in Great Britain.

Depending on the country you're travelling from, you might also need to get a blood test.

Your pet may be put into quarantine for up to 4 months if you do not follow these rules - or refused entry if you travelled by sea.

You cannot bring a banned breed of dog into Great Britain unless it already has a valid Certificate of Exemption.

Guangzhou — dangerous dog breeds banned in strict-management areas (穗公规字〔2020〕1号)

广州市一般管理区实行圈养和严格管理区禁止饲养、销售、繁殖的危险犬是指包括格斗犬只等攻击性强的烈性犬只、有烈性犬血统的混种犬只，以及体型特别巨大的大型犬只。

Japan Rabies Prevention Act (Law No. 247 of 1950) Arts. 4-5 — dog registration within 30 days; annual rabies vaccination mandatory (狂犬病予防法)

日文原文：第二条この法律は、次に掲げる動物の狂犬病に限りこれを適用する。ただし、第二号に掲げる動物の狂犬病については、この法律の規定中第七条から第九条まで、第十一条、第十二条及び第十四条の規定並びにこれらの規定に係る第四章及び第五章の規定に限りこれを適用する。一犬二猫その他の動物（牛、馬、めん羊、山羊、豚、鶏及びあひる（次項において「牛等」という。）を除く。）であつて、狂犬病を人に感染させるおそれが高いものとして政令で定めるもの

日文原文：第四条犬の所有者は、犬を取得した日（生後九十日以内の犬を取得した場合にあつては、生後九十日を経過した日）から三十日以内に、厚生労働省令の定めるところにより、その犬の所在地を管轄する市町村長（特別区にあつては、区長。以下同じ。）に犬の登録を申請しなければならない。

日文原文：第五条犬の所有者（所有者以外の者が管理する場合には、その者。以下同じ。）は、その犬について、厚生労働省令の定めるところにより、狂犬病の予防注射を毎年一回受けさせなければならない。

日文原文：２市町村長は、政令の定めるところにより、前項の予防注射を受けた犬の所有者に注射済票を交付しなければならない。

Source: https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/325AC1000000247

New South Wales — restricted dog breeds (Companion Animals Act 1998)

American pit bull terrier, pit bull terrier, Japanese tosa, dogo Argentino or fila Brasileiro, Perro de Presa Canario or Presa Canario

New York — rabies vaccination compulsory for all dogs, cats and ferrets (Public Health Law § 2141)

"Public Health (PBH) CHAPTER 45, ARTICLE 21, TITLE 4"

"Every dog, cat and domesticated ferret shall be actively immunized against rabies in accordance with regulations promulgated by the commissioner."

"Every dog, cat and domesticated ferret shall have all initial vaccinations administered no later than four months after birth."

"Every dog, cat and domesticated ferret shall have a second vaccination within one year of the first."

"Subdivision one of this section shall not apply to any feral animal or any dog, cat or domesticated ferret:"

"The owning of a dog, cat or domesticated ferret by any person in violation of subdivision one of this section shall constitute a violation, and shall be subject to a fine not to exceed two hundred dollars for each offense."

Northern Ireland — Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 banned dog types

(a)any dog of the type known as the pit bull terrier;

(b)any dog of the type known as the Japanese tosa; and

(a)any dog of the type known as the Dogo Argentino; and

(b)any dog of the type known as the Fila Braziliero.

The type of dog known as the XL Bully is designated for the purposes of Article 25A of The Dogs (Northern Ireland) Order 1983, being a type appearing to the Department to be bred for fighting or to have the characteristics of a type bred for that purpose.

Queensland — prohibited dogs (Animal Management (Cats and Dogs) Act 2008 s.103A)

A prohibited dog is a dog of a breed prohibited from importation into Australia under the Customs Act 1901 (Cwlth).

Scotland — Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 banned dog types

The type of dog known as the XL Bully is designated for the purposes of section 1 of the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, being a type appearing to the Scottish Ministers to be bred for fighting or to have the characteristics of a type bred for that purpose.

Shanghai — banned fierce-dog directory (上海市养犬管理条例第十二条 / Article 12)

《上海市养犬管理条例》第十二条：禁止个人饲养烈性犬只。

本市禁止个人饲养烈性犬只目录：藏獒、獒犬、罗威那犬、意大利扭玻利顿、法国波尔多獒犬、斗牛獒犬、西班牙獒犬、高加索犬、比利牛斯獒犬、巴西菲勒、阿根廷杜高獒犬、丹麦布罗荷马獒等獒犬以及具有獒犬血统的杂交犬只。法国狼犬、昆明狼犬、德国牧羊犬等狼犬以及具有狼犬血统的杂交犬只。英国斗牛犬、英国老式斗牛犬、美国斗牛犬、土佐犬、牛头梗、德国杜宾犬等烈性犬以及具有上述犬种血统的杂交犬只。

Shenzhen — fierce-dog breeds banned (深市监规〔2024〕6号)

禁止在居民住宅区、商业区、工业区以及市主管部门划定的其他禁止饲养烈性犬的区域内饲养烈性犬。烈性犬的具体品种，由市场监管部门确定，并向社会公布

Singapore — Specified (controlled) dog breeds (AVS)

Part 1 1. Pit Bull, which includes the American Pit Bull Terrier (which is also known as the American Pit Bull and Pit Bull Terrier), American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, American Bulldog, and crosses between them and other breeds 2. Akita 3. Neapolitan Mastiff 4. Tosa 5. Dogo Argentino 6. Fila Brasileiro 7. Boerboel 8. Perro De Presa Canario 9. Crosses of 1 to 8.

Part 2 1. Bull Terrier 2. Doberman Pinscher 3. Rottweiler 4. German Shepherd Dog and its related breeds such as the Belgian Shepherd Dog and the East European Shepherd Dog 5. Mastiffs, including the Bull Mastiff, Cane Corso and Dogue De Bordeaux 6. Crosses of 1 to 5.

South Australia — prescribed (restricted) dog breeds (Dog and Cat Management Act 1995)

prescribed breed means any of the following breeds: (a) American Pit Bull Terrier; (b) Fila Braziliero; (c) Japanese Tosa; (d) Dogo Argentina; (e) Presa Canario.

Texas — dangerous-dog law (Health & Safety Code Chapter 822); no breed-specific local bans

"CHAPTER 822. REGULATION OF ANIMALS"

"means a dog that: (A) makes an unprovoked attack on a person that causes bodily injury"

"A person commits an offense if the person is the owner of a dog and the person:"

"This subchapter does not prohibit a municipality or county from adopting leash or registration requirements applicable to dogs."

"A county or municipality may place additional requirements or restrictions on dangerous dogs if the requirements or restrictions: (1) are not specific to one breed or several breeds of dogs; and (2) are more stringent than restrictions provided by this subchapter."

Texas — rabies vaccination compulsory for dogs and cats (Health & Safety Code Chapter 826)

"CHAPTER 826. RABIES"

"TITLE 10. HEALTH AND SAFETY OF ANIMALS"

"This chapter may be cited as the Rabies Control Act of 1981."

"Sec. 826.021. VACCINATION OF DOGS AND CATS REQUIRED."

"Except as otherwise provided by department rule, the owner of a dog or cat shall have the animal vaccinated against rabies by the time the animal is four months of age and at regular intervals thereafter as prescribed by department rule."

"A person commits an offense if the person fails or refuses to have each dog or cat owned by the person vaccinated against rabies"

UK Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 — banned dog types (England & Wales)

(c)any dog of any type designated for the purposes of this section by an order of the Secretary of State, being a type appearing to him to be bred for fighting or to have the characteristics of a type bred for that purpose.

2. The type of dog known as the XL Bully is designated for the purposes of section 1 of the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, being a type appearing to the Secretary of State to be bred for fighting or to have the characteristics of a type bred for that purpose.

United States — traveling with a pet: USDA APHIS overview (qualifying species, CDC dog-import authority, accredited vet)

"Travel With a Pet"

"The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the primary authority for dog imports. This includes dogs entering or returning to the United States."

"If you are planning to take your pet from the United States to another country, contact a USDA-accredited veterinarian as soon as you decide to travel."

"What is considered a pet? A pet is a privately owned companion animal not intended for research or resale and includes only certain animal groups."

Virginia — local authority to prohibit attack-dog training (Va. Code § 3.2-6541)

"§ 3.2-6541. Authority to prohibit training of attack dogs."

"Fairfax County may enact an ordinance that prohibits persons from training dogs on residential property to attack."

Virginia — rabies control; local ordinances may require rabies vaccination of dogs and cats (Code § 3.2-6522)

"§ 3.2-6522. Rabid animals."

"The governing body of any locality shall also have the power and authority to pass ordinances restricting the running at large in their respective jurisdiction of dogs and cats that have not been inoculated or vaccinated against rabies and to provide penalties for the violation thereof."

"Any dog or cat for which no proof of current rabies vaccination is available and that may have been exposed to rabies through a bite, or through saliva or central nervous system tissue, in a fresh open wound or mucous membrane, by an animal suspected to be rabid shall be isolated in a public animal shelter, kennel, or enclosure approved by the local health department for a period not to exceed six months at the expense of the owner or custodian in a manner and by a date certain as determined by the local health director."

"A rabies vaccination shall be administered by a licensed veterinarian prior to release."

"When determining whether a dog that has bitten a person shall be so confined, the health director shall weigh any proof that the dog has current certificates for both (i) rabies vaccination and (ii) special training for police work, military work, or work as a first responder."

Washington — dangerous dog definitions (RCW 16.08.070)

"RCW 16.08.070"

"Dangerous dogs and related definitions."

Western Australia — restricted breed dogs (Dog (Restricted Breeds) Regulations 2002)

“restricted breed dog” means a dog of any of the following breeds — (a) dogo Argentino; (b) fila Brasileiro; (c) Japanese tosa; (d) American pit bull terrier; (e) pit bull terrier; or (f) any other breed of dog the importation of which is prohibited absolutely by the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations.

China-Specific

China-specific blocks quote Chinese municipal dog-keeping regulations. Presented verbatim. (10 blocks.)

Beijing — Dog Management Regulation (养犬管理规定): mandatory registration+annual check, free rabies vaccination, one-dog/ household limit in key zones (2003)

中文原文：第九条本市实行养犬登记、年检制度。未经登记和年检，任何单位、个人不得养犬。

中文原文：携犬到畜牧兽医行政部门批准的动物诊疗机构对犬进行健康检查，免费注射预防狂犬病疫苗，领取动物防疫监督机构出具的动物健康免疫证。

中文原文：重点管理区内，每户只准养一只犬，不得养烈性犬、大型犬。

中文原文：公安机关是养犬管理工作的主管机关，全面负责养犬管理工作，并具体负责养犬登记和年检，查处无证养犬、违法携犬外出等行为。

中文原文：未经登记、年检养犬的，由公安机关没收其犬，或者对单位处5000元罚款，对个人处2000元罚款。

Changsha — Dog Management Regulation (长沙市养犬管理条例): zoned system, licence & rabies vaccine, one-dog limit, smart tag when out

中文原文：第十二条本市养犬按照禁止养犬区、严格管理区和一般管理区实行分区域管理制度。

中文原文：严格管理区内实行养犬许可制度和犬只狂犬病强制免疫制度。

中文原文：第十四条严格管理区内饲养普通犬只的，每户限养一只。

中文原文：第二十三条在严格管理区内携犬出户时应当遵守下列规定：（一）在犬只颈部佩戴公安机关发放的智能犬牌；

Source: https://www.csrd.gov.cn/web/article/0887ac3df18345e49ec675f030434815

Chongqing — Dog Management Regulation (重庆市养犬管理条例): registration, one-dog limit, dangerous-dog control, over-limit penalty

中文原文：第六条公安机关主管本行政区域内养犬管理工作，依法开展养犬登记管理，捕灭狂犬、处理涉犬治安纠纷等工作。

中文原文：第十一条重点管理区内个人养犬的，每户可以饲养一只；

中文原文：（七）饲养烈性犬、攻击性犬、大型犬，未进行栓养、圈养，或者未在显著位置张贴警示标牌；

中文原文：第三十八条违反本条例规定，重点管理区内个人饲养犬只超过限养数量的，由公安机关责令限期改正；

Source: https://gaj.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/zcwj/dfxfg/202507/t20250723_14838390.html

Guangzhou — Dog Management Regulation (养犬管理条例, 2015 amendment): strict/ordinary zones, compulsory rabies vaccination, dangerous-dog ban (2008/2015)

中文原文：（一）畜牧兽医行政管理部门负责组织犬只的狂犬病等重大疫病的免疫工作；

中文原文：严格管理区，实行犬只强制免疫和养犬登记制度；镇辖区为养犬一般管理区，实行犬只强制免疫制度。

中文原文：严格管理区内个人养犬的，每户限养一只。

中文原文：严格管理区内禁止饲养、销售、繁殖危险犬。

中文原文：狂犬病等疫病的免疫，取得犬只免疫证明。

Hangzhou — Dog Control Provisions (杭州市限制养犬规定): strict-control principle, leashing, unregistered-dog penalty

中文原文：第三条本市对养犬实行严格控制、严格管理、禁限结合的原则。

中文原文：（三）小型观赏犬在允许出户时间内，必须束犬链，并由成年人牵领。

中文原文：申请人购犬后，应携犬到农业部门接受验审、进行免疫接种，并领取《犬类免疫证》。

中文原文：第十七条未经批准擅自养犬的，由犬类主管部门没收或者捕杀犬只，对单位养犬的，处以5000元以上10000元以下的罚款，对个人养犬的，处以3000元以上5000元以下的罚款。

Source: https://www.zj.gov.cn/zjservice/item/detail/lawtext.do?outLawId=71bc6a7c-d5ab-404e-8826-2bcacd40b786

Qingdao — Dog Management Regulation (青岛市养犬管理条例): registration & tag, outing leashing, unregistered/leash penalty

中文原文：第七条养犬人取得犬只后，应当持居民身份证明与住所证明或者单位营业执照，携犬只到公安机关设立的养犬登记服务场所办理信息登记，领取犬牌。

中文原文：第九条携犬出户的，应当遵守下列规定：（一）为犬只佩带犬牌；

中文原文：（二）为犬只束牵引带，并主动避让老年人、残疾人、孕妇和儿童；

中文原文：拒不改正的，可以扣押犬只，处二百元以上一千元以下罚款：（一）携犬出户未佩带犬牌、未为犬只束牵引带或者未即时清除犬粪的；

Source: http://www.qingdao.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgk/gaj/xxgkml_551/gwfg/202111/t20211115_3822521.shtml

Shanghai — Dog Management Regulation (养犬管理条例): mandatory rabies vaccination+microchip, registration+annual check, one-dog limit, leash ≤2m (2011)

中文原文：第十条本市依法对饲养的犬只实施狂犬病强制免疫。犬只出生满三个月的，养犬人应当按照本条例规定，将饲养的犬只送至兽医主管部门指定地点接受狂犬病免疫接种，植入电子标识。

中文原文：第十一条本市实行养犬登记制度和年检制度。

中文原文：每户限养一条。

中文原文：（二）为犬只束牵引带，牵引带长度不得超过两米，在拥挤场合自觉收紧牵引带

中文原文：对犬龄满三个月的犬只未进行狂犬病免疫接种的，由动物卫生监督机构责令改正，给予警告；拒不改正的，由动物卫生监督机构代作处理，所需处理费用由违法行为人承担，可以处一千元以下罚款。

Shenyang — Dog Management Regulation (沈阳市养犬管理条例): registration & annual check, one-dog limit, leashing, unlicensed penalty

中文原文：公安机关是养犬管理工作的主管机关，负责养犬登记和养犬许可证年检，查处无证养犬、违法携犬外出行为，以及收留流浪犬等管理工作。

中文原文：重点管理区内的住户每户准养一只犬，不得饲养烈性犬、大型犬。

中文原文：（四）携犬出户应当束犬链、挂犬牌，由具有完全行为能力的人牵领，并主动避让他人。

中文原文：第二十条违反本条例第十一条规定，养犬人未办理养犬许可证的，由公安机关责令限期补办，逾期仍未办理的，处五百元罚款；

Source: https://www.shenyang.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/fggz/sdfxfgzl/202408/t20240823_4720919.html

Suzhou — Dog Management Regulation (苏州市养犬管理条例): registration system, one-dog limit, leashing, large/aggressive-breed ban

中文原文：第十一条本市实行养犬登记制度。

中文原文：第十二条养犬重点管理区域内个人饲养犬只的，每户限养一条。

中文原文：第十三条个人不得饲养大型犬只、烈性犬只。

中文原文：（二）由完全民事行为能力人束一点五米以内的牵引带牵领，或者怀抱、装入犬袋犬笼；

Source: https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsrmzf/gbdfxfg/202206/0ade06f21d814de297d4a68c38b331e6.shtml

Wuhan — Dog Management Regulation (武汉市养犬管理条例, 2025 revision): registration, one-dog limit, banned breeds, leashing

中文原文：第十二条公安机关是养犬管理工作的主管部门，履行下列职责：（一）办理养犬登记；

中文原文：第七条重点管理区内个人养犬每户限养一只。

中文原文：第六条本市禁止饲养、出售烈性犬和大型犬，导盲犬、助残犬除外。

中文原文：第二十五条在重点管理区内携犬出户时，应当遵守下列规定：（一）由完全民事行为能力人牵引或者陪伴牵引；

Source: http://www.whrd.gov.cn/html/rdlz/lfgz/dfxfg/2025/1031/26762.html

Japan-Specific

Japan-specific blocks cover this species under Japanese animal-welfare law. Presented verbatim. (2 blocks.)

Japan Animal Welfare Act (動物愛護管理法) — Dog/Cat Take-in (犬及び猫の引取り等)

都道府県、政令指定都市又は中核市は、犬及び猫の引取りを行うとともに、道路、公園、広場、その他の公共の場所において発見された負傷動物等の収容を行います。

Source: https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=348AC1000000105

Japan Animal Welfare Act — Dog/Cat Take-back by Prefectures (第三十五条)

都道府県等（都道府県及び指定都市、地方自治法第二百五十二条の二十二第一項の中核市（以下「中核市」という。）その他政令で定める市（特別区を含む。以下同じ。）をいう。以下同じ。）は、犬又は猫の引取りをその所有者から求められたときは、これを引き取らなければならない。

Source: https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=348AC1000000105

Research Evidence

Evidence blocks are verbatim slices from peer-reviewed literature abstracts (Europe PMC / PubMed) indexed in the database. Presented verbatim. (44 blocks.)

Canine atopic dermatitis — diet / nutrient role — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 42076723 — Epidemiological and Clinical Characterization of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs from Quito, Ecuador: Retrospective Analysis of Cases (2018-2025). (Veterinary sciences, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory disease that affects up to 15% of the global canine population. Its etiopathogenesis is multifactorial,

PMID 42245974 — A prospective double-blinded study evaluating threshold doses of dietary allergens that trigger adverse food reactions in dogs, and time to flare after exposure. (Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026). Abstract (opening): Introduction Adverse food reactions (AFR) are a common cause of chronic pruritus in dogs and often present as atopic dermatitis. However, the threshold dose of dietary protein

PMID 41194120 — Clinical evaluation of a functional diet containing Siraitia grosvenorii residual extract for atopic dermatitis in dogs: a self-controlled study. (BMC veterinary research, 2025). Abstract (opening): Background Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly impairs quality of life. Nutritional interventions have gained attention as

PMID 41346217 — Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Challenge Test With Single Food Items in Dogs With Atopic Dermatitis and Adverse Food Reactions. (Veterinary dermatology, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Identification of offending foods in dogs with adverse food reactions is usually based on "deterioration" during open food challenges. Objectives To examine the placebo

PMID 42063028 — A multi-marker NMR metabolomics signature for the superior detection of chronic and acute systemic inflammation in dogs: a comparative study with C-reactive protein. (BMC veterinary research, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Identifying inflammatory states is vital in veterinary diagnostics, yet reliable markers for chronic, low-grade inflammation are lacking. This study aims to

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42265839/

Canine cognitive dysfunction — diet / antioxidants — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 41976093 — Evidence-Based Clinical Management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: Diagnostic Algorithms, Practical Guidelines, Critical Appraisal of Biomarkers and Translational Limitations. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting older dogs that shares many pathological mechanisms with human Alzheimer's

PMID 41817417 — Diet-induced cardiac dysfunction and impaired cognitive performance in Beagles. (American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2026). Abstract (opening): Diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been linked to grain-free, pea-containing diets, possibly due to increased oligosaccharides. Since cross-sectional human

PMID 41976013 — Plant-Derived Functional Ingredients in Pet Nutrition: Phytochemical Classification, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Application in Dogs and Cats. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): This review classifies plant-derived functional ingredients in pet food according to phytochemical groups and application forms, including direct oral supplementation and

PMID 41150102 — Antioxidant Strategies for Age-Related Oxidative Damage in Dogs. (Veterinary sciences, 2025). Abstract (opening): This review examines the effects of oxidative stress on the aging process in canines, focusing on the role of antioxidants in the prevention of age-related diseases. Oxidative

PMID 41860870 — OLD DOG - Validating the dog as an animal model for human aging studies. (The Journal of frailty & aging, 2026). Abstract (opening): Companion dogs represent a valuable and emerging translational model for human aging, as they share the human environment, receive comparable medical care - yet have much shorter

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41976093/

Canine food allergy / hypersensitivity — elimination diet — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 42313883 — Allergen Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. An EAACI Task Force Systematic Review. (Clinical and translational allergy, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Multiple routes of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) are approved for several IgE-mediated allergic diseases; however, the use of AIT in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

PMID 41391959 — Adverse Food Reactions in Dogs and Cats. (The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 2026). Abstract (opening): Adverse food reactions (AFRs) are a frequent cause of chronic pruritus and gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats. They include immunologic (allergic) and nonimmunologic

PMID 41783864 — Pediatric Allergy to Poultry Meat: A Case of Egg-Bird Syndrome. (Cureus, 2026). Abstract (opening): Poultry meat allergy is a rare condition that can present as a primary allergy or a secondary syndrome, such as the egg-bird syndrome. This syndrome involves primary sensitization

PMID 42077678 — Concurrent Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastritis in an Adolescent: A Case Report and Literature Review. (Cureus, 2026). Abstract (opening): Functional gastrointestinal disorders represent the most common cause of gastrointestinal complaints and do not require extensive diagnostic evaluation. However, the presence of

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42245974/

Canine hepatic / liver disease — diet — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 41818730 — Long-term safety and efficacy of oral bezafibrate use in dogs with hypertriglyceridemia. (Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Bezafibrate (BZF) is effective for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in dogs, but there is limited data on its long-term use. Hypothesis/objectives Assess the

PMID 41624119 — Severe hepatic lipidosis in a dog: a case report. (Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal, 2025). Abstract (opening): Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) is a rare condition in dogs, primarily caused by improper feeding and care practices. It involves the accumulation of triacylglycerols in

PMID 41685531 — Pancreatic and biliary duct <i>Hammondia heydorni</i> infection in a dog fed a raw elk-meat diet. (Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2026). Abstract (opening): We describe a 3-y-old Standard Poodle that was fed a raw elk-meat diet and developed anorexia, icterus, and markedly elevated liver enzyme activities. Histopathology of the

PMID 41800300 — Case Report: long-term calcaemia management in a dog after thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. (Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026). Abstract (opening): This report describes a canine case of severe hypocalcaemia following the surgical removal of a thyroid lobe and the ipsilateral parathyroid glands for thyroid carcinoma. After

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41818730/

Canine inflammatory bowel disease — diet — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 41962563 — Increased dietary fiber intake improves fecal and clinical activity scores in dogs with chronic enteropathy. (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2026). Abstract (opening): Objective To determine whether modification of dietary fiber could improve fecal score and clinical activity score in a population of dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy (CE).

PMID 41582069 — Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies. (The Journal of small animal practice, 2026). Abstract (opening): Dietary management represents the cornerstone of treatment for chronic enteropathy in dogs, with approximately 50% of cases in referral practice responding to dietary intervention

PMID 41405170 — Associations between early life exposure to parvovirus and antibiotic treatment and the occurrence and severity of later chronic enteropathy in dogs. (The Veterinary record, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is reportedly associated with chronic enteropathy (CE), but infected puppies are often treated with antibiotics, which may also

PMID 41659955 — Glucocorticoids do not cause a clinically relevant elevation in the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. (Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025). Abstract (opening): Objective This study aimed to document changes in the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (iPLE) undergoing glucocorticoid

PMID 41745968 — Transmural Ileal Fibroplasia Causing Mechanical Obstruction in a Dog: Surgical Management, Histopathology, and Molecular Findings. (Veterinary sciences, 2026). Abstract (opening): Small bowel obstruction (SBO) in dogs is most commonly caused by foreign bodies or neoplasia; however, SBO secondary to transmural fibroplasia remains a rare clinical complication

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41962563/

Canine obesity — weight-management diet — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 42071970 — Overweight and Obesity in Dogs and Cats: An Exploration of Animal Welfare and Behaviour Impacts, and Recommendations for Management in Veterinary Primary Care. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): Overweight and obesity are prevalent among companion dogs and cats in the Western world. Affected animals are at risk of comorbidities and reduced longevity. This narrative review

PMID 42166942 — Metabolic and urinary profiles in normal-weight, overweight and obese dogs: clinical response to an individualised weight loss programme. (Research in veterinary science, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine overweight and obesity mirrors human trends, emphasizing a One Health perspective. This prospective study evaluated haematological, biochemical and urinary parameters,

PMID 42071988 — Advances in Functional Pet Food Research: Health-Driven Ingredients, Nutritional Targets and Evidence-Based Claims. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): Functional pet food has grown rapidly, in line with the accelerated humanization of pets, growing attention to relations between diet and health, and mounting sustainability

PMID 41652624 — Lower prevalence of obesity and nutritional imbalances in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet (RMBD) compared to a commercial complete diet. (BMC veterinary research, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Canine obesity is a significant health concern in spite of current feeding trends claiming healthier diets. Among these trends, raw meat-based diets (RMBD) have gained

PMID 41491967 — Behavioural susceptibility to environmental influences in obesity- evidence from a companion animal model. (BMC veterinary research, 2026). Abstract (opening): Obesity is often pejoratively viewed as the consequence of poor self-restraint with the influence of genetics on individuals’ drive to eat overlooked. We studied pet dogs (Canis

PMID 41893683 — Effects of a Low-Fat Diet Supplemented with Plant Extract on Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Beagles. (Veterinary sciences, 2026). Abstract (opening): Obesity has become a major disease in dogs and cats. Dietary management is a preventive measure because controlling energy intake (e.g., portion size and diet energy density)

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42071970/

Canine pancreatitis — dietary management — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 41707322 — High fat, high risk? Evaluating the strength of evidence linking dietary fat and pancreatitis in dogs. (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2026). Abstract (opening): Pancreatitis is the most frequently diagnosed disorder of the exocrine pancreas in dogs, yet its etiology remains poorly understood. Early and frequently cited studies suggest an

PMID 41863224 — <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type C-associated emphysematous gastritis in a dog with pancreatic disease. (Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2026). Abstract (opening): Emphysematous gastritis is a rare, serious infection with very few reported cases in veterinary species. Gas-producing bacteria are most often implicated in both animals and

PMID 41807952 — The comparison of acute phase proteins in experimentally induced canine acute pancreatitis. (BMC veterinary research, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis triggers the production of acute-phase proteins (APPs) in the body, among which C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most extensively studied and widely

PMID 41742573 — Pancreatic lymphangioma and concurrent intestinal lymphangiectasia in a dog. (Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2026). Abstract (opening): A 2-year-old Border Collie presented with watery diarrhea and weight loss. Laboratory testing disclosed hypoproteinemia and abdominal imaging identified striations suggestive of

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41707322/

Canine periodontal / dental disease — diet — representative studies (Europe PMC)

PMID 42278063 — Canine Periodontal Disease in an Urban Clinical Setting and Its Relationship with Host Factors and the Subgingival Bacterial Profile in Ecuador. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine periodontal disease is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory condition with a multifactorial etiology, influenced by host factors and complex subgingival bacterial

PMID 41922436 — Ecological network collapse and functional potential shifts in the canine oral microbiota associated with periodontal disease: a pilot study. (Scientific reports, 2026). Abstract (opening): Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent disease in dogs; however, the underlying shifts in the oral microbiota remain unclear. Although dysbiosis is often associated with a loss

PMID 41712493 — Overview of Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats. (Journal of veterinary dentistry, 2026). Abstract (opening): Periodontal disease is the most prevalent oral condition in companion animals, affecting over 80% of dogs and cats by three years of age. Despite its high incidence and systemic

PMID 41872912 — A pilot study on the novel use of an ultrasonic toothbrush in dogs: limited effect on dental calculus following a single treatment. (Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background Dental calculus is common in dogs and contributes to periodontal disease by promoting plaque accumulation. While daily tooth brushing is the gold standard for

PMID 42328069 — Canine Tooth Microbiome Gingival Index: a new microbiome-derived measure of gingival health validated by nutritional intervention. (Frontiers in veterinary science, 2026). Abstract (opening): Introduction Periodontitis affects over 80% of dogs over 3 years of age, progressing irreversibly from gingivitis due to an imbalance in the subgingival microbial community that

PMID 42188950 — Breed-Specific Dental Variations in Dogs Assessing Malocclusions Using Computed Tomography (CT). (Veterinary sciences, 2026). Abstract (opening): Dental malocclusions are common and often underdiagnosed situations in dogs, which might result in oral trauma, impaired mastication, and periodontal disease. Nevertheless,

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278063/

Evidence cluster — calming / anxiety nutrition in dogs (L-theanine, tryptophan, alpha-casozepine) (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41976013 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Plant-Derived Functional Ingredients in Pet Nutrition: Phytochemical Classification, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Application in Dogs and Cats.. This review classifies plant-derived functional ingredients in pet food according to phytochemical groups and application forms, including direct oral supplementation and incorporation into complete diets.

PMID 36978793 (2023, Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)) — Dietary Strategies for Relieving Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats.. A variety of physical, emotional, and mental factors can induce a stress response in pet dogs and cats.

PMID 41828608 (2026, International journal of molecular sciences) — Plasma and Brain Metabolomics Uncover Modulation of Bile Acid and Pentose Phosphate Pathways by <i>Melissa officinalis</i> in Obese Rat Model.. While our group previously demonstrated the calming effects of <i>Melissa officinalis</i> extract (MOE) in dogs, the underlying brain-level mechanisms remain unclear.

PMID 42193745 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — The Digestibility of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets for Dogs and Cats.. There is growing interest in vegan and vegetarian (veg*n) diets for dogs and cats, due to factors including pet health, environmental sustainability and farmed animal welfare.

PMID 41301986 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Investigation of the Digestibility, Fecal Characteristics, and Palatability of Oil Mil By-Products as a Plant-Based Protein Source in Canine Diets.. This study investigates the digestibility, fecal characteristics, and palatability of plant-based protein sources in canine diets.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004292/

Evidence cluster — canine Lyme borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi): diagnosis, treatment & prevention (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41808193 — Background Both Simparica® and Simparica TRIO® chewable tablets are efficacious within 12 h against existing Ixodes scapularis infestations and within 24 h against re-infestations for 1 month.

PMID 42150803 — Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) pose a significant threat to dogs and public health.

PMID PPR1213835 — Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks, remains a significant vector-borne illness in the United States.

PMID 42115648 — Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks, remains a significant vector-borne illness in the United States.

PMID 41353540 — Background Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a zoonotic vector-borne pathogen transmitted by various Ixodes tick species.

PMID 42137223 — A comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on surveillance, prevention and control measures for 25 selected vector-borne diseases (VBDs) affecting animals in the EU is presented here.

PMID 41808193 (2026, Parasites & vectors) — Efficacy of Simparica and Simparica TRIO for the prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes scapularis.

PMID 42150803 (2026, Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports) — Canine vector-borne diseases in Lebanon: Unveiling prevalence trends and risk factors for public health and disease control.

PMID PPR1213835 (2026, ) — A double-blinded, placebo-controlled field trial of an OspA-based oral reservoir targeted vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi

PMID 42115648 (2026, NPJ vaccines) — A double-blinded, placebo-controlled field trial of an OspA-based oral reservoir targeted vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi.

PMID 41353540 (2025, Parasites & vectors) — Efficacy of Credelio Quattro™ (lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel chewable tablets) and Credelio™ (lotilaner) chewable tablets in the prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi transmission from infected Ixodes scapularis in dogs.

PMID 42137223 (2026, EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority) — Knowledge mapping of risk mitigation measures against vector-borne diseases.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41808193/

Evidence cluster — canine epilepsy: antiepileptic drug management (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42311395 — Objective Canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is one of the most common neurological diseases in veterinary medicine, with no comprehensive study in China.

PMID 41737686 — The aim of this study is twofold: to characterize the epidemiology of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in a large US primary care provider, and to investigate primary care veterinarians' anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) prescribing practices.

PMID 42280378 — Background: Emerging evidence indicates that epilepsy extends beyond the brain, involving systemic metabolic, immune, and microbiome perturbations that shape neuronal excitability and treatment response.

PMID 40497364 — In human medicine, focal seizures can clinically express as autonomic signs, such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, cardiovascular changes, and variation of pupillary size; but little is known about possible presentations of autonomic seizures in veterinary medicine.

PMID 41463899 — Canine epilepsy often resists conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), which affects their quality of life.

PMID 40509058 — Neurobehavioral comorbidities in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) are increasingly recognized, yet their phenotypic variability and clinical implications remain poorly understood.

PMID 42311395 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — A multicenter retrospective analysis of canine idiopathic epilepsy in China.

PMID 41737686 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Retrospective study on canine idiopathic epilepsy treatment in primary care practices in the United States.

PMID 42280378 (2026, Nutrients) — Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy as a Natural Animal Model for Human Epilepsy: A Scoping Review Highlighting Metabolic Perspectives Beyond the Brain.

PMID 40497364 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Focal Autonomic Seizures Manifesting With Prevailing Signs of Gastrointestinal Disorder in Dogs.

PMID 41463899 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — An Exploratory Study of Cannabidiol as an Adjunctive Treatment for Refractory Epilepsy in Dogs.

PMID 40509058 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Neurobehavioral Comorbidities in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: New Insights into Cognitive and Emotional Domains.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42311395/

Evidence cluster — canine urate & cystine uroliths: pathophysiology & management (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41126236 — BACKGROUND: Urate is the third most common component of canine uroliths.

PMID 41001835 — Background Identifying urolith mineral composition (UMC) is crucial for treatment and prevention; however, current data rely on macroscopic or ex vivo studies.

PMID 41897919 — Canine urolithiasis is a common and highly recurrent urinary tract disease, with struvite and calcium oxalate being the predominant stone types.

PMID 41961373 — Introduction Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is associated with metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia.

PMID 40293168 — Background Calcium tartrate tetrahydrate (CTT) uroliths are recently identified in dogs.

PMID 40104003 — Urolithiasis is the third most prevalent disease of the urinary tract of dogs and cats, and is characterized by presence of crystals and / or formation of stones.

PMID 41126236 (2025, BMC veterinary research) — Comparison of the total and individual purine content of commercial maintenance dog foods and therapeutic dog foods that may be prescribed to prevent urate urolithiasis.

PMID 41001835 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — In Vivo Radiographic Characteristics Associated With the Mineral Composition of Calcium Oxalate, Struvite, and Cystine Lower Urinary Tract Uroliths in Dogs.

PMID 41897919 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Urolithiasis Formation in Dogs: A Preliminary Study.

PMID 41961373 (2026, Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society) — Serum and urine metabolomic profiling in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

PMID 40293168 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Association of Diet and Calcium Tartrate Tetrahydrate Uroliths in Dogs.

PMID 40104003 (2025, Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine) — Retrospective study of 353 confirmed cases of urolithiasis in dogs and cats treated at veterinary clinics in the northern region of Pará, Brazil.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41126236/

Evidence cluster — copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs: dietary copper etiology & restriction (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41427142 — Comparative review of copper-associated chronic hepatitis in dogs and Wilson disease in humans (peer-reviewed, 2025). Abstract (opening): Copper-associated chronic hepatitis (CAH) in dogs and Wilson disease (WD) in humans are progressive hepatic disorders caused by copper accumulation. Although both diseases share similar pathomechanisms of copper-induced liver injury, they diverge in some aspects of etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies.

PMID 38221962 — Copper metabolism and its implications for canine nutrition (peer-reviewed, 2024). Abstract (opening): Canine copper nutrition has received increased attention due to recent reports of apparent copper-associated hepatitis in the USA and European Union. In order to properly address the need to modify the U.S.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41427142/

Evidence cluster — diet and sodium management in canine mitral valve disease / heart failure (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41543444 (2026, Physiological reviews) — The clinical pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: outstanding questions from bedside to bench and back... Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major public health problem, associated with increased risks of heart failure, stroke, dementia, and mortality. The treatment of AF involves multiple potential approaches, all of which presently have significant limitations. Over the past 20 years, tremendous advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiological determinants of AF. The pr

PMID 41860870 (2026, The Journal of frailty & aging) — OLD DOG - Validating the dog as an animal model for human aging studies... Companion dogs represent a valuable and emerging translational model for human aging, as they share the human environment, receive comparable medical care - yet have much shorter lifespans. Despite their potential, a validated set of canine biomarkers of aging has not yet been established. The OLD-DOG Project, launched in 2023 at the University of Padua's Veterinary Teaching Ho

PMID 42330250 (2026, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Targeted proteomic analyses during combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist administration (CARDALIS®) in healthy dogs... <h4>Background</h4>The effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors on proteomic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in dogs remain poorly characterized.<h4>Hypothesis/objectives</h4>To evaluate the effect of RAAS activation and treatment with a combination of benazepril and spironolactone on circulating proteomic biomarkers in healthy dogs.<h4>Animals</h4

PMID 42302767 (2026, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Urine sodium concentration and diuretic responsiveness in dogs receiving orally administered loop diuretics for chronic congestive heart failure... <h4>Background</h4>Urine sodium concentration (uNa) measures diuretic responsiveness (DR) in acute congestive heart failure (CHF). In humans with chronic CHF receiving loop diuretics PO, low uNa is associated with rehospitalization and mortality. DR in dogs with chronic CHF is poorly understood.<h4>Hypothesis/objectives</h4>Measure uNa and pharmacologic and pathophysiologic var

PMID 41922215 (2026, The Journal of veterinary medical science) — A canine case of multiple intrahepatic portosystemic shunts... An elderly, spayed female Maltese dog (10 years 3 months, 2.2 kg) presented with hyporexia, weight loss, polydipsia, and a staggering gait. Serum biochemistry analysis revealed increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, ammonia (226 μg/dL), and fasting total bile acids (130 μmol/L). Contrast-enhanced CT showed multiple clusters of contrast enhancement within th

PMID 41733393 (2026, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics) — Population Pharmacokinetics of Sildenafil in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Pulmonary Hypertension... The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil are ill-defined in dogs with naturally occurring pulmonary hypertension (PH). Because the plasma concentrations of sildenafil have not been reported for dogs with this disease, this study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in a sample of dogs with PH. Twenty client-owned dogs with spontaneous PH associated with div

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41543444/

Evidence cluster — diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41689959 (2026, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) — Prevalence and description of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy eating hydrolyzed protein diets.. <h4>Objective</h4>To compare the signalment of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) eating hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed protein diets, and to characterize clinical data and echocardiographic indices of dogs with DCM ea

PMID 41817417 (2026, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology) — Diet-induced cardiac dysfunction and impaired cognitive performance in Beagles.. Diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been linked to grain-free, pea-containing diets, possibly due to increased oligosaccharides.

PMID 41623244 (2026, Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)) — Successful Functional Outcome in a Dog With Ventricular Tachycardia Treated With Antiarrhythmics, Cardioversion, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Intra-Arrest Lipid Emulsion.. <h4>Objective</h4>To describe a case of successful CPR after prolonged cardiopulmonary arrest in a dog treated for refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) with multiple antiarrhythmic medications and attempted electrical

PMID 41472100 (2025, Veterinary sciences) — Preliminary Analysis of Intestinal Microbiota in Golden Retrievers Prone to Dilated Cardiomyopathy Due to Taurine Deficiency.. Taurine plays a key role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal health in dogs and may be deficient in some predisposed breeds despite consuming complete petfood.

PMID 41295744 (2025, Veterinary sciences) — Role of Diet as a Predisposing Factor for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: A Narrative Review.. In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs, including breeds without known genetic predisposition, fed diets containing a high proportion of legumes or potatoes

PMID 42010583 (2026, BMC veterinary research) — Effects of wheat, rye, and triticale grains on digestion, fecal quality, and health parameters in dogs.. BACKGROUND: There is a continuous search for healthy food ingredients for dog diets that do not compete with human consumption.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41689959/

Evidence cluster — dietary and enteral support in canine acute kidney injury (peer-reviewed, PubMed)

PMID 41142981 (2025, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne) — Presumed successful steroid therapy for suspected thrombotic microangiopathy in a dog.. A 2-year-old castrated male Pembroke Welsh corgi dog was presented to the referring veterinarian because of acute onset of vomiting and hyporexia. Despite conservative treatment with intravenous fluids, antiemetics, antibiotics, and antioxidants, the dog rapidly deteriorated, with development of severe pigmenturia and icterus over 24 to 48 h, respectively, prompting referral. A thrombotic microang

PMID 41302021 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Risk Factors Associated with Azotemia in Dogs Presented to the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand: A Retrospective Study (2017-2021).. Kidney disorders in dogs are frequently observed but remain underexplored in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with azotemia in dogs presented to the Chiang Mai University Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital between May 2017 and December 2021. Medical and laboratory records from 16,146 dogs were reviewed, and

PMID 41598282 (2026, Life (Basel, Switzerland)) — Addisonian Crisis Mimicking Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 34 Dogs Diagnosed with Acute Kidney Injury in Romania.. Primary hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening endocrine disorder in dogs. Affected animals may present with clinicopathological features mimicking acute kidney injury (AKI). The challenge in diagnosing hypoadrenocorticism arises from its highly heterogeneous and non-specific clinical presentation, including acute kidney injury (AKI). This retrospec

PMID 40460000 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors and Outcome in Dogs With and Without Fluid Overload During Hospitalization.. <h4>Background</h4>Risk factors for the development of fluid overload (FO) and its potential negative effects have not been investigated in dogs.<h4>Hypothesis/objectives</h4>Evaluate risk factors and outcomes in hospitalized dogs that received fluids IV and developed clinical signs of FO compared to those that did not.<h4>Animals</h4>One hundred thirty-six dogs that developed FO and 109 dogs with

PMID 40008829 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Outcome in Critically Ill Dogs and Dogs With Acute Kidney Injury Based on Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2.. <h4>Background</h4>Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) have potential as early biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs.<h4>Objectives</h4>Assess whether NGAL and TIMP-2 at admission (T0) and 24 h later (T1) identify survival in critically ill (CI) and AKI dogs, development of hospital-acquired AKI in CI dogs, and developme

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41142981/

Evidence cluster — dietary antioxidant/mitochondrial support in canine degenerative myelopathy (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41953598 (2026, Journal of clinical medicine research) — The Correct Nutritional Intake in the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Lesions in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury... <h4>Background</h4>Pressure injuries (PIs) are a serious and highly prevalent complication in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), negatively impacting quality of life, rehabilitation, and healthcare costs. Given their multifactorial etiology, a multidisciplinary approach that includes nutritional interventions is essential. This review provides expert consensus on the ro

PMID 41893715 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration... Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer's disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic loss, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic n

PMID 41824140 (2026, Veterinary research communications) — Bedinvetmab, alone or in combination with photobiomodulation and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, on pain and quality of life in dogs with hip osteoarthritis... Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of chronic pain in dogs, significantly impairing mobility and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of bedinvetmab, administered alone and in combination with physiotherapy using photobiomodulation (PBM) and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF), in dogs with hip OA. This was a prospective, rando

PMID 40302410 (2026, Equine veterinary journal) — Osteochondrosis in horses: An overview of genetic and other factors... Osteochondrosis (OC) is a frequent manifestation of developmental orthopaedic disease, and its severe clinical presentation is known as OC dissecans (OCD). OC is defined as a disruption of the endochondral ossification process in the epiphyseal cartilage, and this disease has been reported in different mammalian species, including humans, dogs, pigs, and horses. OCD is an impor

PMID 40443203 (2025, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc) — Diseases of the nervous system of equids in Brazil: a review... In Brazil, CNS diseases in equids were little known until the 1980s. Since then, several diagnostic laboratories have been operating in different universities, initially in the South and Southeast regions and, later, in the Central-West, Northeast and North regions. However, the knowledge accumulated from the diagnoses of nervous system diseases of equids made at these institut

PMID 40759687 (2025, Scientific reports) — The genetic secrets revealed from canine fetal fluids obtained in mid-pregnancy... Amniotic fluid analysis is widely used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in humans. However, its application in canine medicine remains underutilized, where genetic assessments typically rely on parental profiles. This study aimed to explore the potential for uncovering genetic information from canine fetuses during mid-pregnancy and its implications for future clinical ma

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41953598/

Evidence cluster — dietary fiber and gut health in dogs (peer-reviewed, PubMed)

PMID 42188886 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — Effects of a Novel Prebiotic and Postbiotic Dietary Supplement on Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier Markers, and Inflammation in Healthy Dogs.. Although prebiotics and postbiotics support gastrointestinal health, evidence for their combined effects in dogs remains limited. This study evaluated a novel prebiotic and postbiotic supplement in healthy dogs undergoing a dietary transition. Thirty-six healthy adult dogs were randomly assigned to control group (CON, high-protein basal diet with placebo chew) or treatment group (TRT, the same bas

PMID 41471872 (2025, Microorganisms) — Dietary Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Dogs and Cats and Its Role in Disease Management.. Food has a massive influence on the gut microbiota and is one of the most useful therapeutic levers in disease. Recent developments have highlighted how macronutrient balance, food format, and functional ingredients can regulate microbial diversity, metabolism, and host physiology in companion animals such as dogs and cats. This narrative review condenses evidence on the bidirectional gut microbio

PMID 42092959 (2026, BMC veterinary research) — Integrated effects of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis in working dogs: nutritional, biochemical, antioxidant, immunological, gut-related microbial and nutrigenomic insights.. <h4>Background</h4>The present study investigated the effects of daily dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis powder at two inclusion levels (0.04 g and 0.08 g/kg body weight) for working dogs. Spirulina platensis is a nutrient-rich microalgae containing high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant pigments. These constituents are reported to possess immunomodulatory, antiox

PMID 41976013 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Plant-Derived Functional Ingredients in Pet Nutrition: Phytochemical Classification, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Application in Dogs and Cats.. This review classifies plant-derived functional ingredients in pet food according to phytochemical groups and application forms, including direct oral supplementation and incorporation into complete diets. Polyphenols and plant extracts exert prominent antioxidant (singular), anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and microbiome-regulating effects. Microalgae and omega-3 sources support lipid metabo

PMID 42358325 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Effects of a single-cell protein source from <i>Paecilomyces</i> var<i>iotii</i> on diet digestibility and palatability and intestinal functionality of adult dogs.. <h4>Introduction</h4>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a single-cell protein (SCP) source from <i>Paecilomyces variotii</i> on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of macronutrients and energy, diet palatability, fecal fermentative metabolites, and microbiota in dogs.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Five extruded diets containing 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16% of SCP were manufactured. To is

PMID 41877915 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Beneficial effects of a prebiotic-postbiotic supplement on digestive health and fecal microbiota in dogs and cats.. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are a frequent concern for pet owners and veterinarians. Dietary management of mild GI disorders is often essential in order to correct imbalances in the gut flora. In this context, "biotics," including probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, have received increasing attention for their potential to favorably modulate the gut microbiota and support digestive functi

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42188886/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

PMID 41961373 — Serum and urine metabolomic profiling in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis (Metabolomics, 2026). Abstract (opening): INTRODUCTION: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is associated with metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia. Improved understanding of underlying metabolic derangements is needed.

PMID 41897919 — Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Urolithiasis Formation in Dogs: A Preliminary Study (Animals (Basel), 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine urolithiasis is a common and highly recurrent urinary tract disease, with struvite and calcium oxalate being the predominant stone types. Stone formation has traditionally been attributed to urinary physicochemical factors, including urine pH, mineral supersaturation, and urinary tract infection.

PMID 42414994 — Off-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis: a case report (BMC Vet Res, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is a common and recurrent condition in dogs, typically managed with dietary modification, thiazide diuretics, and potassium citrate. In human medicine, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as dapagliflozin are increasingly used to manage diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and have been shown to alter urinary factors associated with nephrolithiasis.

PMID 41742526 — Outcomes of medical dissolution for suspected struvite uroliths in dogs using a therapeutic multipurpose urinary diet and antimicrobial therapy (J Vet Intern Med, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: The consensus recommendation is to medically dissolve suspected struvite uroliths in dogs. However, more data is needed on outcomes for protocols using therapeutic multipurpose urinary foods formulated for both struvite urolith dissolution and calcium oxalate urolith prevention.

PMID 41001835 — In Vivo Radiographic Characteristics Associated With the Mineral Composition of Calcium Oxalate, Struvite, and Cystine Lower Urinary Tract Uroliths in Dogs (J Vet Intern Med, 2025). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Identifying urolith mineral composition (UMC) is crucial for treatment and prevention; however, current data rely on macroscopic or ex vivo studies.

PMID 42154599 — Protocol for establishing an infrared spectral reference library for canine urolith analysis (STAR Protoc, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine urolithiasis is a common, recurrent urinary disorder in dogs, posing significant clinical and economic burdens. Breed predispositions suggest genetic and metabolic influences.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41961373/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42188886 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — Effects of a Novel Prebiotic and Postbiotic Dietary Supplement on Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier Markers, and Inflammation in Healthy Dogs... Although prebiotics and postbiotics support gastrointestinal health, evidence for their combined effects in dogs remains limited. This study evaluated a novel prebiotic and postbiotic supplement in healthy dogs undergoing a dietary transition. Thirty-six healthy adult dogs were randomly assigned to control group (CON, high-protein basal diet with placebo chew) or treatment grou

PMID 41891386 (2026, United European gastroenterology journal) — The Changing Landscape of Chronic Pancreatitis Research Trajectories Over Two Decades: A Global Meta-Analysis Using MeSH Terms... <h4>Objectives</h4>Significant progress has been made in research on chronic pancreatitis (CP). It is essential to analyze recent trends in this field to guide future clinical investigations.<h4>Methods</h4>Publications related to CP research from 2000 to 2023 were retrieved from PubMed. An analysis was conducted on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, publication dates, and

PMID 41897963 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Intestinal Dysbiosis Relating to Gut-Brain Axis and Behavior in Dogs: A Systematic Review with Text Mining Approach... The intestinal microbiome plays a fundamental role in canine health and well-being, regulating functions, including digestion, immunity, metabolism, and behavior. Dysbiosis refers to the disruption of the balanced composition of resident commensal communities, and gut bacteria can influence behavior via neurological, metabolic, endocrine, and immune-mediated pathways. Growing e

PMID 41863224 (2026, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc) — <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type C-associated emphysematous gastritis in a dog with pancreatic disease... Emphysematous gastritis is a rare, serious infection with very few reported cases in veterinary species. Gas-producing bacteria are most often implicated in both animals and humans. Here, we describe a case of emphysematous gastritis in a 7-y-old dog that was diagnosed with ileus of 12 d, chronic pancreatitis, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Histologically, the gastric s

PMID 41745976 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — The Collaborative Collapse: Bile Acid Dysmetabolism as a Central Pathogenic Driver in Canine and Feline Multi-Systemic Disorders-From Mechanisms to Precision Therapeutics... Veterinary metabolomics has redefined bile acids (BAs) from simple digestive surfactants to systemic endocrine signals within a microbial-host metabolic axis. This review aims to evaluate how BA dysmetabolism acts as a central pathogenic factor in canine and feline disease. We analyze the BA pool's integrity, which depends on a specialized functional guild, primarily <i>Peptace

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41860870/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of canine hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41612453 (2026, Acta veterinaria Scandinavica) — Dental and skeletal findings of 140 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Finland 2010-2015... <h4>Background</h4>Dental disease is the most common non-infectious disease of domestic rabbits, with a prevalence reaching up to 40% in studied populations. Diet has been shown to be the main cause. Skeletal disorders, such as vertebral column malformations, are also common, affecting 40% of some pet rabbit breeds. Both can lead to severe health issues and decrease the quality

PMID 41254687 (2025, BMC public health) — COVID-19 response and the unhoused communities in Sacramento: a mixed methods study with policy implications... <h4>Background</h4>In an emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic, cross-sector public health collaborations facilitated emergency hotel room placements for people experiencing homelessness (PEH). To inform a Health-in-All-Policies approach to future disasters, the study objective was to assess the impact of the disaster response on the unhoused communities surrounding Sacra

PMID 41227294 (2025, Cells) — Modelling Osteoporosis in Pre-Clinical Research-Challenges, Trends and New Approaches... Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and changes in bone architecture, often leading to fractures and thereby decreased functional status in affected patients. About 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, with women being affected earlier in life and more often than men. Various factors, such as genetic background, comorbidities, alcohol

PMID 41053838 (2025, BMC veterinary research) — Enterocutaneous fistula as a long-term complication of jejunostomy tube placement in a dog with hyperadrenocorticism... <h4>Background</h4>Jejunostomy tube (JT) feeding is a practical method of delivering enteral nutrition in dogs when oral, oesophageal or gastric feeding is not feasible, particularly in postoperative or critically ill patients with gastric, duodenal, proximal jejunal, or pancreatic disease. Although generally well-tolerated, JT placement is an invasive procedure associated with

PMID 40943282 (2025, International journal of molecular sciences) — A Unified Pathogenesis of Allergic Diseases; The Protein-Homeostasis-System Hypothesis... The etiology and pathophysiology of allergic diseases remain incompletely understood. Current immunological paradigms, while insightful, often fall short in fully elucidating the mechanisms underlying allergic and autoimmune disorders. Under the protein-homeostasis-system (PHS) hypothesis, allergic diseases have etiological substances, and immune reactions against them are resp

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41893715/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of canine inflammatory bowel disease (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42286862 (2026, Gut microbes) — Diet and microbiome shape small-molecule cytokinin pools in mammals... Cytokinins (CKs) are adenine-derived metabolites traditionally characterized as plant hormones, yet their origin, distribution, and functions in mammalian systems remain largely undefined. Using integrated metabolomics, microbiome, and metagenomics approaches, we provide a systematic characterization of CK occurrence and potential sources in mammals. Serum profiling across five

PMID 42228606 (2026, Gut microbes) — Microbial shifts in early life: the pediatric gut microbiome and its role in health and disease... This review explores the pivotal role of the pediatric gut microbiome in shaping early-life development and influencing susceptibility to disease, emphasizing its impact on immune, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental processes. The neonatal period represents a critical window for host-microbiome interactions, beginning at birth when intestinal barrier function is still developing

PMID 41661223 (2026, The veterinary quarterly) — Ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal gastrointestinal wall in dogs and cats: a systematic review on study design and imaging outcomes... Diagnostic ultrasound (US) is a noninvasive, cost-effective imaging modality widely used for evaluating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in companion animals. It provides information on wall thickness and layer differentiation, allowing assessment of normal anatomy and pathological changes. Despite its diagnostic relevance, ultrasonographic reference values for the GI tract in d

PMID 41962563 (2026, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) — Increased dietary fiber intake improves fecal and clinical activity scores in dogs with chronic enteropathy... <h4>Objective</h4>To determine whether modification of dietary fiber could improve fecal score and clinical activity score in a population of dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy (CE).<h4>Methods</h4>This was a retrospective uncontrolled study of dogs with CE presenting to a nutrition service where increasing dietary fiber intake was the primary nutritional goal. Purina feca

PMID 42278572 (2026, International journal of molecular sciences) — A Systematic Review of Folate and the Human Enteric Microbiome: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications... Folate (vitamin B9) is central to one-carbon metabolism, supporting nucleotide biosynthesis, methylation homeostasis, and epigenetic regulation. The gut microbiome both produces and consumes folate, creating a bidirectional axis influencing host health and disease. We systematically reviewed 159 original studies from MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus (inception throug

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42286862/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of canine urinary incontinence (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42195398 (2026, Life (Basel, Switzerland)) — Development of the Urogenital Microbiota in Healthy Beagle Puppies: A Longitudinal Comparison with the Dam... Characterizing the microbiota is essential to improve the understanding and management of urogenital disorders. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, this study investigated the urogenital microbiota, including urine, vaginal, and prostatic communities, in a litter of 10 healthy beagle puppies from 4 months of age until the completion of the first estrous cycle in females and 18 months in

PMID 42188942 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — Case Report of Urethral Stenting in a Dog with Multifactorial Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction Associated with Suspected Transitional Cell Carcinoma and Severe Cystolithiasis... A 14-year-old spayed female Maltese dog presented with hematuria, pollakiuria, decreased urine volume per voiding, and prolonged urination time, and was diagnosed with multifactorial urinary obstruction involving suspected trigonal neoplasia and extensive urolithiasis affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Diagnosis was based on serum biochemical analysis, radiog

PMID 42033281 (2026, Veterinary medicine and science) — Presumptive Congenital Unilateral Renal Agenesis With Contralateral Dysplasia/Hypoplasia in a Golden Retriever... <h4>Background</h4>Congenital renal agenesis with contralateral dysplasia/hypoplasia represents an exceptionally rare morphological presentation in dogs, with only one previous case documented worldwide.<h4>Case description</h4>A 4-year-old Golden Retriever (Canis lupus familiaris) presented with polyuria, polydipsia, inappetence and urinary incontinence. Laboratory findings re

PMID 42195264 (2026, Life (Basel, Switzerland)) — Gonadectomy and Its Association with Orthopedic and Neoplastic Disorders: A Retrospective Study in Belgium-Part I (Bitches)... Gonadectomy is performed in bitches to prevent unwanted reproduction and reduce the risk of sex hormone-related conditions. However, growing evidence suggests that the timing of spaying may influence long-term susceptibility to non-reproductive diseases. This retrospective case-control study (2013-2023) evaluated the association between timing of spaying and the development of

PMID 42071970 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Overweight and Obesity in Dogs and Cats: An Exploration of Animal Welfare and Behaviour Impacts, and Recommendations for Management in Veterinary Primary Care... Overweight and obesity are prevalent among companion dogs and cats in the Western world. Affected animals are at risk of comorbidities and reduced longevity. This narrative review found that veterinary literature generally characterises overweight and obesity as nutritional disorders that are primarily addressed by reducing caloric intake. However, veterinary management of over

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41860870/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of chronic kidney disease in dogs (peer-reviewed, PubMed)

PMID 41471872 (2025, Microorganisms) — Dietary Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Dogs and Cats and Its Role in Disease Management... Food has a massive influence on the gut microbiota and is one of the most useful therapeutic levers in disease. Recent developments have highlighted how macronutrient balance, food format, and functional ingredients can regulate microbial

PMID 41333724 (2025, Veterinary world) — Feeding practices, purchasing behaviors, and their association with non-communicable diseases in dogs: Insights from Thai pet owners... The rapid expansion of Thailand's pet industry has influenced dog owners' purchasing behaviors and feeding practices, with potential implications for canine health. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, renal disease,

PMID 41302021 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Risk Factors Associated with Azotemia in Dogs Presented to the Chiang Mai University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand: A Retrospective Study (2017-2021)... Kidney disorders in dogs are frequently observed but remain underexplored in Chiang Mai, Thailand. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with azotemia in dogs presented to the Chiang

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41471872/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of diabetes mellitus in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41333724 (2025, Veterinary world) — Feeding practices, purchasing behaviors, and their association with non-communicable diseases in dogs: Insights from Thai pet owners.. <h4>Background and aim</h4>The rapid expansion of Thailand's pet industry has influenced dog owners' purchasing behaviors and feeding practices, with potential implications for canine health.

PMID 42414994 (2026, BMC veterinary research) — Off-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis: a case report.. <h4>Background</h4>Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is a common and recurrent condition in dogs, typically managed with dietary modification, thiazide diuretics, and potassium citrate.

PMID 41967456 (2026, Research in veterinary science) — Adjuvant nutritional management of canine insulinoma: A case report.. Insulinoma is a functional tumor of pancreatic beta cells characterized by excessive insulin secretion, resulting in persistent hypoglycemia.

PMID 42197061 (2026, Nutrients) — The Relationship Between Meal Composition and the Body Composition of Wroclaw Medical University Students.. <h4>Background/objectives</h4>Appropriate nutrition is a foundation for maintaining good health.

PMID 42201424 (2026, Veterinary research communications) — Pilot study of the use of ezetimibe in dogs with hyperlipidemia.. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of ezetimibe in reducing cholesterol and/or triglycerides in dogs with hyperlipidemia.

PMID 42376427 (2026, Open veterinary journal) — Epidemiological and clinical assessment of canine diabetes mellitus in Cocody, Abidjan, Republic of Ivory Coast.. <h4>Background</h4>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known endocrine disorder in humans characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41333724/

Evidence cluster — dietary management of struvite uroliths in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

PMID 40293168 — Association of Diet and Calcium Tartrate Tetrahydrate Uroliths in Dogs (J Vet Intern Med, 2025). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Calcium tartrate tetrahydrate (CTT) uroliths are recently identified in dogs. OBJECTIVES: To report on the types and prevalence of diets, supplements, and medications containing salts of tartaric acid consumed by dogs with CTT urolithiasis.

PMID 39368059 — Medical dissolution of presumptive upper urinary tract struvite uroliths in 6 dogs (2012-2018) (J Vet Intern Med, 2024). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive approaches are the standard for treatment of upper urinary tract uroliths in humans. OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical dissolution of upper urinary tract uroliths in a series of dogs and report clinical outcomes.

PMID 41630760 — Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation of urolithiasis and cystitis in K9 dogs in Iraq: Clinical, laboratory, and imaging correlates (Open Vet J, 2025). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis and cystitis are major contributors to urinary tract morbidity in dogs, particularly in working K9 units. Due to overlapping symptoms, proper differentiation is crucial.

PMID 40104003 — Retrospective study of 353 confirmed cases of urolithiasis in dogs and cats treated at veterinary clinics in the northern region of Pará, Brazil (Braz J Vet Med, 2025). Abstract (opening): Urolithiasis is the third most prevalent disease of the urinary tract of dogs and cats, and is characterized by presence of crystals and / or formation of stones. The present study objective was to report the confirmation rate of suspected cases of urolithiasis in dogs and cats treated at veterinary clinics in the city of Santarém, Pará.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41742526/

Evidence cluster — elevated feeding and dietary management of canine megaesophagus (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42328063 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Case Report: Overlap syndrome with concurrent polymyositis, masticatory myositis, and lymphocytic thyroiditis in a dog... <h4>Case presentation</h4>A 4-year-old spayed female mixed breed dog presented for chronic upper airway noises and dysphagia. The dog presented for inspiratory stridor and expiratory stertor. Serum creatine kinase activity was 3,296 IU/L, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels were elevated at 353 mg/dL and 201 mg/dL, respectively. In-house thyroxine levels were below the refe

PMID 41743561 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Differential causes of masticatory muscle disorders in dogs: a review of diagnosis, treatment and long-term management... Masticatory muscle disorders in the dog are complex and challenging cases to manage. Patients may present with inability or difficulties in opening or closing the mouth, making dysphagia and respiratory compromise major concerns. Time is of the essence in these circumstances, and prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment are required to prevent potentially life-threatening co

PMID 42135868 (2025, Companion animal health and genetics) — Health status and disease prevalences in French bulldogs in Germany: insights from a survey-based study... BACKGROUND: The French bulldog has recently become one of the most popular dog breeds in the UK, Germany, and the USA. Known for its brachycephalic facial structure, characterized by a short muzzle and flat nose, the breed is predisposed to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and other health concerns, including gastrointestinal, dermatological, and orthopedic con

PMID 41010770 (2025, Journal of clinical medicine) — The Relevance of Experimental Models in Assessing the Impact of Oxidative Stress on Intestinal Pathology... Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between the process of producing and removing reactive oxygen species (ROS). With advancing age or in certain situations where oxidative stress cannot be combated, various pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or neoplasia may occur. Over the past decade, a surge of intriguing discoveries has linked subtoxic levels of oxidative

PMID 41012746 (2025, Veterinary sciences) — Prognostic Factors for Mortality Following Diaphragmatic Herniorrhaphy in Dogs and Cats: Multivariable Logistic Regression and Machine Learning Approaches... This study aimed to explore prognostic factors for mortality in dogs and cats following traumatic diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy using both multivariable logistic regression, a traditional statistical method, and the random forest algorithm, a machine learning approach. Associations between demographic and clinical variables and mortality were examined. Overall survival was 78.8%

PMID 40570295 (2025, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Esophageal Candidiasis in Two Dogs With Megaesophagus: A Case Report... Esophageal candidiasis is the most common cause of infectious esophagitis in human patients, but to date, this disease has not been reported in companion animals. A 16-month-old male intact King Shepherd dog and a 2-year-old female spayed German Shepherd dog were presented for evaluation of chronic regurgitation with diffuse megaesophagus identified on thoracic radiographs. In

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42328063/

Evidence cluster — exercise and recovery nutrition in working and sporting dogs (peer-reviewed, PubMed)

PMID 41124031 (2026, Journal of animal science) — Gait, skin and coat, and plasma cytokine changes in response to exercise and trace mineral source... This study explored whether trace mineral source (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Se) in a complete and balanced diet impacts gait and inflammation in Labrador Retrievers undergoing a 9-wk exercise regimen. Forty healthy, adult dogs, averaging

PMID 40427378 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Effects of Blueberry Consumption on Preference, Digestibility, and Oxidative Balance in Dogs... The growing awareness of the diet-health connection drives interest in natural dog diets, which replace synthetic additives like antioxidants with natural ingredients. In Trial 1 of this study, preference for diets containing powdered

PMID 40434946 (2025, Veterinary medicine and science) — Successful Management of Presumed Reactivation of Neospora caninum Following Immunosuppression for Immune Thrombocytopenia in an Adult Doberman... A 5-year old, vaccinated, untravelled and neutered female Doberman with occasional exposure to raw food presented for investigation of severe thrombocytopenia and anaemia. Extensive investigations led to a diagnosis of non-associative

PMID 34722690 (2021, Frontiers in veterinary science) — The Animal Welfare Science of Working Dogs: Current Perspectives on Recent Advances and Future Directions... Working dogs are prevalent throughout our societies, assisting people in diverse contexts, from explosives detection and livestock herding, to therapy partners. Our scientific exploration and understanding of animal welfare have grown

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41124031/

Evidence cluster — hyperlipidemia / lipid disorder dietary management in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42201424 — Pilot study of the use of ezetimibe in dogs with hyperlipidemia (Veterinary research communications, 2026). Abstract (opening): The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of ezetimibe in reducing cholesterol and/or triglycerides in dogs with hyperlipidemia. Twenty-three dogs with hyperlipidemia were randomly distributed into three groups: group D (n = 7) received low-fat dietary treatment, group E (n = 9) received ezetimibe treatment, and group DE (n = 7) received low-fat dietary treatment associated with ezetimibe.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42201424/

Evidence cluster — large / giant breed dog growth & developmental nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41487487 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Exploratory analysis of nutrient composition of adult and senior dog diets.. <h4>Introduction</h4>Senior dog foods are often marketed as distinct from adult formulations, yet no specific nutrient profiles exist for this life stage.

PMID 40357193 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — A proposed framework for practical multimodal management of osteoarthritis in growing dogs.. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a ubiquitous problem affecting dog joints, particularly the hip, elbow, stifle, and spine.

PMID 41852679 (2026, Frontiers in nutrition) — Accelerated early weight gain of neonatal puppies from overweight bitches compared to lean dams in spite of similar milk macronutrient composition.. <h4>Introduction</h4>Lactation is the final pathway for the maternal metabolism to influence the neonate.

PMID 42245978 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Insights into the influence of dog and guardian demographics, nutrition, and relationship on raw feeding practices.. <h4>Introduction</h4>Raw meat-based diets (RMBD) are increasingly popular among dog guardians, yet the role of personal nutrition habits and pet-guardian relationships in their adoption remains unclear.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41487487/

Evidence cluster — medium-chain triglyceride / ketogenic diets in canine epilepsy (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

PMID 42280378 — Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy as a Natural Animal Model for Human Epilepsy: A Scoping Review Highlighting Metabolic Perspectives Beyond the Brain (Nutrients, 2026). Abstract (opening): Background: Emerging evidence indicates that epilepsy extends beyond the brain, involving systemic metabolic, immune, and microbiome perturbations that shape neuronal excitability and treatment response. Canine idiopathic epilepsy (CE) offers a naturally occurring model with strong electrophysiological, pharmacological, and clinical homology to human epilepsies.

PMID 40170936 — Treatment-Refractory Epilepsy Alimentary Therapy (TREAT): A canine case study (Can Vet J, 2025). Abstract (opening): Half of all epilepsy cases in both humans and canines are identified as idiopathic. Of these cases, 30 to 40% remain treatment-refractory to antiepileptic medications.

PMID 40004205 — Exploring Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapies for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy (Int J Mol Sci, 2025). Abstract (opening): Epilepsy stands out as one of the most prevalent chronic neurological conditions affecting companion animals. Recent research has increasingly focused on exploring the role of gut microbiota in influencing neurological conditions, like epilepsy.

PMID 42311395 — A multicenter retrospective analysis of canine idiopathic epilepsy in China (Front Vet Sci, 2026). Abstract (opening): OBJECTIVE: Canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is one of the most common neurological diseases in veterinary medicine, with no comprehensive study in China. This study collected IE cases from five large referral pet hospitals and conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis in order to supplement the clinical data of canine IE in China, clarify the predisposing factors, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of canine IE in the China, and provide regional clinical data for cross-country comparison of canine epilepsy diagnosis and treatment.

PMID 38783265 — Re-evaluating the placebo response in recent canine dietary epilepsy trials (BMC Vet Res, 2024). Abstract (opening): The placebo response is a common phenomenon. Limited evidence is available about its magnitude in canine epilepsy trials, even though it can significantly influence the efficacy evaluation of new treatments.

PMID 42410958 — Different Roles of Canine Cytochrome P450 2C and 3A Enzymes Involved in the Oxidative Metabolism of Phenobarbital, a Key Anticonvulsant for Dogs: Comparison With Human P450 Enzymes (J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 2026). Abstract (opening): Phenobarbital is a key anticonvulsant used in dogs. Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C19 is reportedly involved in the oxidative metabolism of phenobarbital in humans;

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280378/

Evidence cluster — nutrition for canine retinal and eye health (peer-reviewed, PubMed)

PMID 42278031 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Effects of Traditional Chinese Herbal Extracts on Tear Staining, Iron Status, Immune Function, and Antioxidant Capacity in Dogs.. Tear staining is a common yet often underestimated condition in dogs that affects appearance and may reflect underlying disease. This study evaluated dietary supplementation with the traditional Chinese herbs <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> (CM), <i>Cassia semen</i> (CS), and <i>Poria cocos</i> (PC) in dogs predisposed to tear staining and investigated potential mechanisms. Forty Poodle and Bichon

PMID 41882631 (2026, BMC veterinary research) — Deletion in CACNA1F gene causes X-linked progressive retinal atrophy in English Cocker Spaniel dogs.. BACKGROUND: Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) was diagnosed in four related male English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) between the ages of 3 and 4 years. All affected dogs were born to clinically unaffected parents that had tested negative for known PRA-causing variants through commercial vendors. Pedigree analysis revealed that the mothers of the affected dogs were paternal half-siblings, and their fathe

PMID 41150104 (2025, Veterinary sciences) — Nutraceuticals, Social Interaction, and Psychophysiological Influence on Pet Health and Well-Being: Focus on Dogs and Cats.. Pet humanization, particularly in dogs and cats, has transformed animal healthcare and highlighted the importance of nutrition in promoting human-pet social interaction, pet psychophysical well-being and, possibly, longevity. Nutraceuticals, such as omega-3 fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, plant extracts and dietary supplements, are endowed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatin

PMID 42245978 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Insights into the influence of dog and guardian demographics, nutrition, and relationship on raw feeding practices.. <h4>Introduction</h4>Raw meat-based diets (RMBD) are increasingly popular among dog guardians, yet the role of personal nutrition habits and pet-guardian relationships in their adoption remains unclear. This study examines how these factors, alongside previously identified drivers of pet food selection, specifically relate to the decision to feed RMBD.<h4>Methods</h4>Data from 433 dog guardians we

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278031/

Evidence cluster — nutrition in canine dilated cardiomyopathy / heart disease (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

PMID 41295744 — Role of Diet as a Predisposing Factor for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs: A Narrative Review (Vet Sci, 2025). Abstract (opening): In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs, including breeds without known genetic predisposition, fed diets containing a high proportion of legumes or potatoes, many labeled grain-free. Despite concerns, grain-free diets remain increasingly popular.

PMID 41472100 — Preliminary Analysis of Intestinal Microbiota in Golden Retrievers Prone to Dilated Cardiomyopathy Due to Taurine Deficiency (Vet Sci, 2025). Abstract (opening): Taurine plays a key role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal health in dogs and may be deficient in some predisposed breeds despite consuming complete petfood. This study aimed to explore potential associations between serum taurine concentration and gut microbiota composition in clinically healthy Golden Retrievers, a breed predisposed to taurine deficiency-associated dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID 42110576 — Dilated Cardiomyopathy Phenotype With Global (Four-Chamber) Involvement in a Cat: Echocardiographic, Pathological, Histopathological, and Immunohistochemical Findings (Case Rep Vet Med, 2026). Abstract (opening): An 8-year-old castrated male Exotic Shorthair cat was referred due to the onset of abdominal effusion. Echocardiography revealed a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype affecting both ventricles, associated with biatrial dilatation, left atrial dysfunction with spontaneous echocontrast, and right-sided congestive heart failure.

PMID 40941272 — Determination of Retinol, Cholecalciferol, α-Tocopherol and Phylloquinone Levels in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Preliminary Study (Animals (Basel), 2025). Abstract (opening): Lipid-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients that play a vital role in processes such as growth, reproduction, immune regulation, antioxidant defense, anti-inflammatory response and cardiovascular health. This study aimed to evaluate the plasma levels of retinol, cholecalciferol, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

PMID 41689959 — Prevalence and description of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy eating hydrolyzed protein diets (J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2026). Abstract (opening): OBJECTIVE: To compare the signalment of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) eating hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed protein diets, and to characterize clinical data and echocardiographic indices of dogs with DCM eating hydrolyzed protein diets. METHODS: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with DCM between May 2018 and October 2023 were retrospectively reviewed.

PMID 41817417 — Diet-induced cardiac dysfunction and impaired cognitive performance in Beagles (Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2026). Abstract (opening): Diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been linked to grain-free, pea-containing diets, possibly due to increased oligosaccharides. Since cross-sectional human studies indicate that heart failure is associated with decreased cerebral blood flow and cognitive decline, we explored whether a similar association could be detected in dogs.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41295744/

Evidence cluster — nutrition in canine lymphoma (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)

PMID 41593674 — Ovarian T-cell lymphoma in a dog with chronic protein-losing enteropathy (Acta Vet Scand, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Lymphoma is one of the most common malignancies in dogs, but ovarian lymphoma is exceedingly rare, with only a few reported cases. Most canine lymphomas are of B-cell origin, whereas T-cell lymphomas are generally associated with a more aggressive clinical course.

PMID 42052348 — Genotoxic exposures to volatile organic compounds in golden retrievers with and without multicentric lymphoma (Front Vet Sci, 2026). Abstract (opening): Canine multicentric lymphoma is a common cancer in dogs with poor long-term outcomes. In people, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but this risk is not clear for lymphoma in dogs.

PMID 41030417 — Successful management of inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral feed in a dog (Can Vet J, 2025). Abstract (opening): An 11-year-old spayed female terrier mix dog weighing 6.38 kg was presented to the emergency department of a large specialty hospital for hyporexia and lethargy. The dog was diagnosed with a perforated duodenal mass.

PMID 41473101 — Case Report: Dose-dependent response to oclacitinib in a dog with Sézary syndrome (Front Vet Sci, 2025). Abstract (opening): Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETL) is a rare malignant canine skin tumor. Sézary syndrome, a rare and aggressive subtype of CETL, lacks established treatment guidelines in veterinary medicine.

PMID 41582069 — Dietary management of normoalbuminaemic canine chronic enteropathies (J Small Anim Pract, 2026). Abstract (opening): Dietary management represents the cornerstone of treatment for chronic enteropathy in dogs, with approximately 50% of cases in referral practice responding to dietary intervention alone. Success rates improve significantly when multiple systematic diet trials are implemented.

PMID 42004781 — Secondhand smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in dogs and cats: A scoping review with implications for smoking cessation among pet owners (Tob Prev Cessat, 2026). Abstract (opening): INTRODUCTION: The harmful effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on human health are well established, whereas its impact on pets remains underexplored and less widely recognized by both the scientific community and the general public. This scoping review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the health effects of SHS and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol exposure in dogs and cats.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41593674/

Evidence cluster — nutritional restoration / convalescence (recovery feeding) in dogs & cats (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41053838 — Enterocutaneous fistula as a long-term complication of jejunostomy tube placement in a dog with hyperadrenocorticism (BMC veterinary research, 2025). Abstract (opening): <h4>Background</h4>Jejunostomy tube (JT) feeding is a practical method of delivering enteral nutrition in dogs when oral, oesophageal or gastric feeding is not feasible, particularly in postoperative or critically ill patients with gastric, duodenal, proximal jejunal, or pancreatic disease. Although generally well-tolerated, JT placement is an invasive procedure associated with potential complications, requiring close postoperative monitoring.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41053838/

Evidence cluster — nutritional support for cancer cachexia in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42307841 (2026, Veterinary research communications) — Plant extracts and phytochemicals in canine and feline mammary cancer models: current evidence and comparative perspectives... Mammary tumors are among the most common neoplasms in dogs and cats, and malignant forms are clinically important in both species. Surgery remains the main treatment approach and may be combined with other treatment modalities, but advanced cases are often associated with recurrence and limited responsiveness to conventional therapies. Phytochemicals and plant extracts have rec

PMID 42268502 (2026, History and philosophy of the life sciences) — Crossing paths: historical and philosophical perspectives on cancer and diabetes classifications... No one is perfect, and this is particularly true of disease classifications. When diseases are classified according to different dimensions (topography, symptoms, morphology, aetiology, etc), some characteristics of the diseases are prioritised while others are downplayed. Moreover not all diseases are equally well characterised by a given dimension, and especially complex, chr

PMID 41718388 (2026, Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology) — Bridging the Gap Between Static Histology and Dynamic Organ-on-a-Chip Models... For more than a century, pathology has served as a cornerstone of modern medicine, relying primarily on static microscopic assessment of tissue morphology-such as H&E staining-which remains the "gold standard" for disease diagnosis. However, this conventional paradigm provides only a snapshot of disease states and often fails to capture their dynamic evolution and complex funct

PMID 41514729 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quality Claims Associated with Fresh Pet Food: Evaluating Scientific Evidence for Additives, Ingredient Quality, and Effects of Processing in Pet Nutrition... The fresh pet food market has experienced substantial growth, with manufacturers making quality claims that influence consumer purchasing decisions and veterinary recommendations. This systematic review evaluates the scientific evidence supporting three prevalent claims associated with fresh pet food: that additives, preservatives, and fillers are harmful to pet health; that hu

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42307841/

Evidence cluster — omega-3 / fish oil supplementation in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41237493 (2026, American journal of veterinary research) — Supplement use is common in Dog Aging Project participants, especially among dogs with orthopedic conditions, and varies by life stage.. <h4>Objective</h4>To analyze the use of supplements reported by owners of dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project (DAP) to examine (1) the types of supplements being given to dogs within the DAP cohort and (2) the extent

PMID 42071988 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Advances in Functional Pet Food Research: Health-Driven Ingredients, Nutritional Targets and Evidence-Based Claims.. Functional pet food has grown rapidly, in line with the accelerated humanization of pets, growing attention to relations between diet and health, and mounting sustainability awareness.

PMID 40253962 (2025, Preventive veterinary medicine) — Epidemiological and clinical profiles of young and senior dogs fed a standard diet.. This study aimed to explore age-related differences in epidemiological and clinical parameters in dogs consuming a standardized diet, focusing on factors relevant to veterinary practitioners.

PMID 40723550 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Experiences in Formulating Insect-Based Feeds: Selected Physicochemical Properties of Dog Food Containing Yellow Mealworm Meal.. Yellow mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) meal is a promising sustainable protein for pet food, yet its effect on nutrient balance and granule texture is incompletely defined.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41237493/

Evidence cluster — osteoarthritis / joint supplements in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41929275 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Protective effects of turmerosaccharides rich extract of <i>Curcuma longa</i> L. in osteoarthritic dogs.. <h4>Introduction</h4>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage deterioration, leading to chronic pain and impaired immobility particularly in older dogs.<h4>Aim</h4>This s

PMID 41630707 (2025, Open veterinary journal) — A multimodal approach to Canine Osteoarthritis management: A state-of-the-art.. Canine osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, progressive, and debilitating joint disorder characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling.

PMID 41635790 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of liposomal synthetic cannabidiol injected subcutaneously in dogs: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial.. <h4>Background</h4>Cannabidiol (CBD) has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory characteristics, and was reported to provide analgesia in dogs with osteoarthritis.

PMID 40530040 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Efficacy of a joint supplement containing eggshell membrane among other ingredients to improve the mobility of dogs with osteoarthritis: a multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.. The management of osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs is typically multimodal, including weight management, activity adjustment, joint supplements, and medical treatments when needed.

PMID 41737916 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — A randomized, double-blind, controlled study on the efficacy of an oral dietary supplement containing fish oil, ASU and phytotherapeutic extracts in canine osteoarthritis.. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder in canines, characterized by discomfort, lameness, and reduced mobility.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41929275/

Evidence cluster — probiotics / gut microbiota in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42109878 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Nutritional modulation of the gut-reproductive axis: multi-strain probiotic blend on oxidative and seminal parameters in healthy male dogs.. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic mixture (Slab51®, Sivomixx®) modulates systemic and seminal redox status and improves semen quality in healthy breeding dogs.

PMID 42056070 (2026, The veterinary quarterly) — Supplementation with <i>Enterococcus lactis</i> (SF68) and its association with biochemical parameters and inflammatory biomarkers related to renal impairment in dogs with chronic kidney disease.. To investigate the influence of probiotic supplementation on parameters of renal function, dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) received a commercial probiotic formulation containing <i>Enterococcus lactis</i> SF68 (<i

PMID 42065212 (2026, Medicine) — Cluster analysis of research hotspots and trends in probiotics for constipation: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis (1977-2024).. <h4>Background</h4>Probiotics are increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic approach for managing constipation, sparking widespread interest in their effects on gastrointestinal health.

PMID 42081057 (2026, Veterinary research communications) — Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from canine and feline microbiota: functional profiling and host-adapted benefits.. The global rise in pet ownership has increased demand for health-promoting products, particularly probiotics designed to support gastrointestinal and immune health in companion animals.

PMID 41150148 (2025, Veterinary sciences) — Application of Probiotics in Cats and Dogs: Benefits and Mechanisms.. Probiotics have grown increasingly pivotal for the health of pets, particularly dogs and cats.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42109878/

Evidence cluster — protein-restricted diet in canine hepatic encephalopathy (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 42278417 (2026, International journal of molecular sciences) — Potential Antidote Against Lead Toxicity-A Review... As chronic lead (Pb) exposure is a serious threat to public health in many countries, we intended to provide a review of the effective antidote for Pb intoxication. In this context, we explored the recent literature focusing on animal studies that provide clear evidence of the efficacy of supplementation with certain antioxidants, such as spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C,

PMID 41920539 (2026, Veterinary medicine and science) — Occlusion of an Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt With an Amplatzer Septal Occluder Device in a Dog... This paper describes the use of an Amplatzer occluder device to attenuate an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a dog. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of the use of an Amplatzer occluder device for a large intrahepatic shunt. Shunt attenuation in this case was successful with no major complications. The use of such device could be made routine for bigg

PMID 41976093 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Evidence-Based Clinical Management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: Diagnostic Algorithms, Practical Guidelines, Critical Appraisal of Biomarkers and Translational Limitations... Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting older dogs that shares many pathological mechanisms with human Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it is common in geriatric dogs, CCDS is often underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. Both CCDS and AD involve a gradual decline in cognitive functions such as memory, learning and exec

PMID 42076680 (2026, Veterinary sciences) — Postoperative Serum Quinolinic Acid and 3-Hydroxykynurenine in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunt: A Pilot Study of Their Association with Postattenuation Neurologic Signs... Postattenuation neurologic signs (PANS) are serious complications following surgical ligation of congenital portosystemic shunts (cPSS) in dogs, but their pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that surgical ligation alters hepatic tryptophan metabolism through increased substrate delivery and inflammation, leading to changes in kynurenine pathway metabol

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228606/

Evidence cluster — raw diet / BARF safety in dogs & cats (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 40697637 (2025, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Reconciling the definitions of raw meat-based diets and biologically appropriate raw foods for companion animals: a mini review.. There is an increasing demand for pet foods considered "natural," raw, uncooked, minimally processed, and those free of synthetic preservatives used to inactivate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms.

PMID 41328332 (2025, One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)) — Parasitic risks and One Health implications of valorising slaughterhouse animal by-products in raw meat-based diets for pets.. The increasing popularity of raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) for companion animals has raised One Health concerns regarding their microbiological and parasitological safety, particularly when raw diets are used at home with

PMID 41822231 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — <i>Salmonella</i> surveillance in raw pet food and dogs in Great Britain, 2013-2022.. <h4>Background</h4>Raw meat pet food is increasingly popular in Great Britain prompting concerns about its potential to transmit zoonotic pathogens, particularly <i>Salmonella</i>.<h4>Aim</h4>To investigate correlations

PMID 39943063 (2025, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Current Evidence on Raw Meat Diets in Pets: A Natural Symbol, but a Nutritional Controversy.. Feeding raw meat to cats and dogs has become a common practice in Western countries.

PMID 42221950 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Pet food choices in transition: how owner demographics and diets influence pet food selection and the acceptance of alternative protein sources in pet feeding.. Given the increasing interest in alternative protein sources and growing ethical awareness in nutrition, this large-scale survey (<i>n</i> = 8,823) investigated the feeding practices of dog and cat owners in mainly Germa

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42245978/

Evidence cluster — renal disease / kidney diet in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41800300 (2026, Frontiers in veterinary science) — Case Report: long-term calcaemia management in a dog after thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy.. This report describes a canine case of severe hypocalcaemia following the surgical removal of a thyroid lobe and the ipsilateral parathyroid glands for thyroid carcinoma.

PMID 42207576 (2026, Journal of veterinary internal medicine) — Association of impaired ammonia excretion with survival in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease.. <h4>Background</h4>In people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), inadequate renal ammonia excretion contributes to metabolic acidosis and is associated with worse outcomes.

PMID 42180288 (2026, Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research) — Exploring the therapeutic potential of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in regulating canine NT-proBNP levels.. <b>Objectives:</b> N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a key biomarker for assessing cardiac function in companion animals and plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of heart disease.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42056070/

Evidence cluster — senior / geriatric dog nutrition (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)

PMID 41149653 (2025, Metabolites) — Serum Metabolomics of Senior Dogs Fed a Fresh, Human-Grade Food or an Extruded Kibble Diet.. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Despite the growing popularity of fresh food for dogs, there is an extremely small amount of literature evaluating the potential health benefits of fresh food and reduced processing compared

PMID 42278184 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Emerging Trends in Pet Food: Scientific Innovations, Patent Landscapes, and Global Market Development.. The pet food sector has progressively evolved over the past decade from conventional nutrition toward functionally targeted and sustainability-oriented systems that are increasingly parallel developments in human health.

PMID 41976093 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI) — Evidence-Based Clinical Management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: Diagnostic Algorithms, Practical Guidelines, Critical Appraisal of Biomarkers and Translational Limitations.. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting older dogs that shares many pathological mechanisms with human Alzheimer's disease (AD).