{"topic_id":"pet_tox_onion_grape_macadamia_thresholds","category":"pet-toxicology","context":"---\ntopic_id: pet_tox_onion_grape_macadamia_thresholds\ncategory: pet-toxicology\ntitle: \"Pet acute-toxicity thresholds — Onion/garlic (Allium), grapes/raisins, macadamia nuts (+ xylitol mechanism)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Some food toxic for pets (peer-reviewed review, PMC2984110, Tavily server-side extract 2026-07-21)\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/pmc-pet-food-toxic-pmc2984110.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-21\ntokens_estimated: 430\nverification:\n  method: substring_match\n  claims: 6\n  passed: 6\n  date: 2026-07-21\n---\n\n## Onion / garlic (Allium cepa / Allium sativum)\n\nOnion contains compounds that damage red blood cells and cause **haemolytic anaemia with Heinz bodies**. \"Consumption of as little as 5 g/kg of onions in cats or 15 to 30 g/kg in dogs has resulted in clinically important hematologic changes.\" A relatively high single/short-term dose (600–800 g) can damage red blood cells. Onion is also toxic to cats; garlic is toxic to horses at >0.2 g/kg.\n\n## Grapes / raisins\n\nGrape/raisin ingestion is linked to acute renal failure in dogs (idiosyncratic). \"Estimated amounts of grapes associated with renal injury in dogs are about 32 g/kg; amounts of raisins associated with signs range from 11–30 g/kg.\" \"The ingested doses involved in these fatal cases ranged from 10 to 57 g of fruit per kg b. wt.\"\n\n## Macadamia nuts\n\nMacadamia contains an unknown toxin affecting muscles/神经系统 in dogs. \"The toxic dose to dogs ranges from 2.4–62.4 g per kg b.wt.\" — a very wide range, so some dogs react at low doses.\n\n## Xylitol (mechanism, no established threshold in this source)\n\n\"Xylitol, an artificial sweetener, is present in many products, such as candy, sugar-free chewing gums, toothpaste and baked goods.\" Unlike humans, \"in dogs, xylitol is a strong promoter of insulin release, which results in a rapid decrease in blood glucose (hypoglycemia),\" causing an insulin-mediated hypoglycemic crisis (Cope 2004; Dunayer 2004). This source documents the mechanism but states no single mg/kg threshold.\n\nSource: `pdf-raw/pmc-pet-food-toxic-pmc2984110.txt` — first-hand peer-reviewed review \"Some food toxic for pets\" (PMC2984110, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984110/), Tavily server-side extract 2026-07-21.\n","sources":[],"tokens_estimated":430,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}