{"topic_id":"exotic_tox_bird_heavy_metals","category":"exotic-pet-toxicology","context":"---\ntopic_id: exotic_tox_bird_heavy_metals\ncategory: exotic-pet-toxicology\ntitle: \"Lead and zinc — the most encountered heavy-metal poisonings in birds\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Avian toxicoses: a review (peer-reviewed, open access, PMC12375962)\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/pmc-avian-toxicoses-pmc12375962.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-28\ntokens_estimated: 0\nverified: true\nverification: c1_substring\nsource_document: \"Avian toxicoses: a review (PMC12375962)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Avian toxicoses: a review\"\n  title: \"Lead and zinc — the most encountered heavy-metal poisonings in birds\"\n  url: \"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12375962\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-28\"\n  ref: \"PMC12375962\"\n  doc_type: \"peer-reviewed review (open access, Europe PMC)\"\n  needs_review: false\n---\n\n# Lead and zinc — the most encountered heavy-metal poisonings in birds\nVerbatim first-hand facts from Avian toxicoses: a review (peer-reviewed, open access, PMC12375962). All bullets are exact substrings of the cited source and C1-substring verified. Companion (pet) birds are the focus; the source is a peer-reviewed review of avian toxicoses.\n## Toxicology facts\n- Indeed, several cases have been reported in the literature concerning both heavy metal intoxication and toxic plant ingestion ( 1 – 3 ).\n- Heavy metals [lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As)] Heavy metal poisoning is a significant environmental concern affecting avian species worldwide.\n- Several heavy metals can pose a threat to avian health.\n","sources":["exotic-pet-toxicology — Lead and zinc — the most encountered heavy-metal poisonings in birds (retrieved 2026-07-28)"],"source":{"authority":"exotic-pet-toxicology","title":"Lead and zinc — the most encountered heavy-metal poisonings in birds","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC12375962","retrieved":"2026-07-28","ref":"","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Avian toxicoses: a review (PMC12375962)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/pmc-avian-toxicoses-pmc12375962.txt"},"source_document":"Avian toxicoses: a review (PMC12375962)","source_file":"pdf-raw/pmc-avian-toxicoses-pmc12375962.txt","tokens_estimated":253,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}