{"topic_id":"exotic_pet_legality_ca_cruelty","category":"exotic-pet-legality","context":"---\ntopic_id: exotic_pet_legality_ca_cruelty\ncategory: exotic-pet-legality\ntitle: \"Canada — animal cruelty offence (Criminal Code RSC 1985 c C-46 s 445.1)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Justice Laws Website — Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46), s 445.1, EN\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/exotic-b4/ca_criminal_code_s445.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-29\ntokens_estimated: 41\nverified: true\nverification: c1_substring\nsource_document: \"Justice Laws Website — Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46), s 445.1, EN\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Justice Laws Website\"\n  title: \"Canada — animal cruelty offence (Criminal Code RSC 1985 c C-46 s 445.1)\"\n  url: \"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-445.1.html\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-29\"\n  ref: \"first-hand statute text\"\n  doc_type: \"official legislation (EN)\"\n  needs_review: false\n---\n\n# Canada — animal cruelty offence (Criminal Code RSC 1985 c C-46 s 445.1)\nVerbatim first-hand facts from Justice Laws Website — Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46), s 445.1, EN, fetched via local chromium / Tokyo relay and saved as `pdf-raw/exotic-b4/ca_criminal_code_s445.txt`. Every bullet below is an exact substring of the cited source and is C1-substring verified. These are the species×country regulation facts for the jurisdiction indicated.\n\n## Regulatory facts\n- Every one commits an offence who (a) wilfully causes or, being the owner, wilfully permits to be caused unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to an animal or a bird;\n","sources":["California Department of Fish and Wildlife — 'Living with Wildlife' — Canada — animal cruelty offence (Criminal Code RSC 1985 c C-46 s 445.1) (retrieved 2026-07-29)"],"source":{"authority":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife — 'Living with Wildlife'","title":"Canada — animal cruelty offence (Criminal Code RSC 1985 c C-46 s 445.1)","url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-445.1.html","retrieved":"2026-07-29","ref":"","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Justice Laws Website — Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46), s 445.1, EN","verification_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-b4/ca_criminal_code_s445.txt"},"source_document":"Justice Laws Website — Criminal Code (RSC 1985, c C-46), s 445.1, EN","source_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-b4/ca_criminal_code_s445.txt","tokens_estimated":41,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}