{"topic_id":"exotic_fish_gill_disease","category":"exotic-pet-health","context":"---\ntopic_id: exotic_fish_gill_disease\ncategory: exotic-pet-health\ntitle: \"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Merck Veterinary Manual — Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-28\ntokens_estimated: 0\nverified: true\nverification: c1_substring\nsource_document: \"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Merck Veterinary Manual\"\n  title: \"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\"\n  url: \"https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-28\"\n  ref: \"\"\n  doc_type: \"professional veterinary reference\"\n  needs_review: false\n---\n\n# Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes\nVerbatim first-hand facts from Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference). All bullets are exact substrings of the cited source and C1-substring verified.\n## Gill disease\n- Divalent ions are excreted principally via the kidney, and monovalent ions and nitrogenous excretions via the gills.\n- Accordingly, lesions of the kidney and gills may seriously interfere with respiration, excretion, and fluid balance.\n- A gill biopsy can also be performed, but the fish should be returned to water for a brief period (30 seconds to one minute) before performing another procedure.\n","sources":["exotic-pet-health — Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes (retrieved 2026-07-28)"],"source":{"authority":"exotic-pet-health","title":"Aquarium fish gill disease — parasites, bacteria, and environmental causes","url":"https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals","retrieved":"2026-07-28","ref":"","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt"},"source_document":"Merck Veterinary Manual (professional veterinary reference)","source_file":"pdf-raw/exotic-health/mvm_fish_management.txt","tokens_estimated":232,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}