{"topic_id":"evidence_exotic_sugar_glider_clinical","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_exotic_sugar_glider_clinical\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Evidence cluster — Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search, first-hand peer-reviewed abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_sugar_glider_clinical_2026-08-01.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-08-01\ntokens_estimated: 5010\nverification:\n method: substring_match\n claims: 12\n passed: 12\n date: 2026-08-01\nsource_document: \"Peer-reviewed Sugar glider clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)\"\ncitation:\n authority: \"Europe PMC\"\n title: \"Evidence cluster — Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)\"\n url: \"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/\"\n retrieved: \"2026-08-01\"\n doc_type: \"first-hand abstracts (Europe PMC REST)\"\n needs_review: false\n---\n\n# Evidence: Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) clinical cases\n\nSource: Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search — first-hand peer-reviewed abstract records, pulled 2026-08-01.\nQueries covered clinical case reports and case series for Petaurus breviceps.\nThe cluster returns **12** representative clinical cases with abstracts below. Abstract text is verbatim from source; each case is traceable by PMID.\n\n## Studies\n- **PMID 42472037 (2026, Case reports in veterinary medicine)** — Surgical Intervention and Treatment of a Mammary Adenocarcinoma in the Sugar Glider (<i>Petaurus breviceps</i>): A Double Case Report.. Abstract (opening): A 6-year-old, intact female sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) presented for evaluation after experiencing progressive weight loss and lethargy. Sedated examination revealed a firm, 7-mm wide marsupium mass, and surgery was pursued after cytology results suggested epithelial malignancy. The patient's entire marsupium was surgically excised, and biopsy of the associated tumor revealed a primary mammary adenocarcinoma without vascular infiltration. Preoperative and postoperative antibiotics and meloxicam were used to decrease inflammation and infection following the procedure. At the 6- and 12-month recheck examinations, the initial patient was well-muscled and energetic with no signs of neoplastic recurrence. Case 1 had confirmed disease-free survival at 12 months. A second 6-year-old, intact female sugar glider presented for surgical consultation following the fine-needle aspiration of a bilobular marsupium mass. Analogous surgical protocols were implemented with the second patient. Subsequent biopsy revealed neoplastic epithelial cells consistent with a mammary adenocarcinoma. No local recurrence or disease progression has been reported for the second patient following the operation. Case 2 had owner-reported well-being at 11 months without clinical re-examination. To the authors' knowledge, these cases represent the first reported survival beyond 11 months following surgical treatment of mammary adenocarcinoma in P. breviceps, though long-term recurrence risk remains unknown.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42472037/\n- **PMID 41568116 (2026, Journal of rural medicine : JRM)** — Pediatric <i>Salmonella</i> Poona gastroenteritis with bacteremia linked to exposure to a pet turtle: a case report.. Abstract (opening):

Objective

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Poona (S. Poona) is a zoonotic pathogen commonly associated with reptiles, particularly turtles. We report a pediatric case of S. Poona bacteremia in which a pet turtle was microbiologically confirmed as the source of infection.

Patients

A 17-month-old Asian girl with fever and transient diarrhea was hospitalized. The patient had direct contact with the family's pet turtle shortly before symptom onset. The turtle's tank was routinely cleaned in the household kitchen sink.

Results

S. Poona was isolated from the patient's blood and stool, as well as from swabs taken from the turtle's limbs, shell, and feces. Macrorestriction analysis revealed that the isolates from the patient and the turtle shared identical genomic fragment patterns, indicating transmission through direct contact or environmental contamination. The patient made a full recovery following a 14-day course of intravenous cefotaxime and ampicillin.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in Japan of S. Poona infection with microbiological confirmation of the source animal. This case highlights the importance of strict hygiene practices when handling reptiles and cleaning their habitats, particularly in homes with young children or other vulnerable individuals.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41568116/\n- **PMID 42053689 (2026, Veterinary research communications)** — Intramedullary pin fixation for a transverse diaphyseal fracture of the femur in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps).. Abstract (opening): Sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) are increasingly popular as pets yet there is little published guidance on orthopaedic management of long bone fractures in this species. We report a case of transverse femoral fracture in a sugar glider successfully managed through intramedullary pinning. A 60-gram female intact sugar glider was diagnosed with a closed transverse diaphyseal femoral fracture. Open reduction and intramedullary pin fixation using a 0.8 mm pin was performed. Post-operative management emphasized environmental modification with a flat-walled enclosure to restrict movement and close monitoring. The pin was removed after 70 days with clinical union of the fracture and return of normal limb function. Although intramedullary pinning alone is considered insufficient to control rotational and shearing forces in small animal orthopaedics, this case suggests that such limitations may not fully apply in sugar gliders. Surgical decisions were influenced by species-specific anatomical and behavioural constraints, and housing modification functioned as an adjunct stabilizing strategy. This report highlights the need for further research into the biomechanics of small exotic mammals and subsequent case series of orthopaedic cases in sugar gliders.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053689/\n- **PMID 42313899 (2026, Veterinary medicine and science)** — A Multispecies Systematic and Critical Review of Intranasal Administration in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Emergency Care: Promising Evidence and Overlooked Challenges.. Abstract (opening): Intranasal (IN) drug delivery has increasingly considered as an easy, practical and non-invasive alternative to parenteral administration in veterinary medicine, offering rapid systemic and potential nose-to-brain effects. The first part of this review systematically collected and synthesized published evidence on IN administration across animal species, while the second part critically analysed the anatomical, pharmacological and technical factors that determine its success and limitations. Part I consisted a total of 110 eligible studies published between 1991 and 2025, encompassing dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, ruminants, birds and reptiles. IN delivery has been investigated for a range of purposes and produced clinically meaningful sedation, analgesia and drug reversal, often comparable to intramuscular administration but generally characterized by slower onset and greater variability among species. Despite encouraging and favourable results, IN delivery was not without limitations. Its effectiveness can be strongly influenced by species-specific nasal anatomy and physiology, formulation characteristics and dosing volume. Defensive reactions, poor tolerability, sneezing, nasopharyngeal irritations, hypersalivation or swallowing of the drug are frequently reported. Future progress requires species-specific case selection guidelines and dosing standards, pharmacokinetic validation and developing safe concentrated formulations. Transparent reporting and balanced assessment of both benefits and drawbacks are essential to ensure the safe, effective and ethically responsible integration of IN administration into veterinary anaesthesia and critical care practice.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42313899/\n- **PMID 41594465 (2026, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI)** — Comparative Molecular and Antimicrobial Analysis of Lactococcus garvieae and Lactococcus petauri from Marine and Freshwater Fish Farms in the Mediterranean.. Abstract (opening): Piscine lactococcosis is an emerging bacterial disease that threatens freshwater and marine aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This study characterized isolates of Lactococcus garvieae and Lactococcus petauri from farmed fish through molecular identification, genomic typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 39 bacterial strains were analyzed using species-specific real-time PCR assays, multilocus sequence typing and broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations. Results suggest a temporal shift in freshwater systems, where L. garvieae predominated in earlier isolates (mainly ST13, CC4), while L. petauri (ST14, CC14) appears as the dominant species in recent years. In marine fish, only L. garvieae was detected, mainly ST95 (CC95), a lineage previously reported in Europe. Molecular variability was found in both species with lineages capable of infecting livestock and humans. Amoxicillin displayed promising results; florfenicol showed moderate activity, while flumequine exhibited no inhibitory effect. Oxytetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed variable results requiring prudent use. These region-specific susceptibility profiles provide updated baseline data to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy while awaiting laboratory confirmation, highlighting the evolution of lactococcosis in aquaculture and emphasizing the need for molecular surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and vaccine updates within a One Health framework to mitigate impacts on Mediterranean aquaculture and public health.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594465/\n- **PMID 42432024 (2026, Scientific reports)** — Molecular identification of trichomonads in captive sugar gliders and tortoises with diarrhea: a case study.. Abstract (opening): Trichomonads are widely distributed protozoa; however, studies on these organisms in captive sugar gliders and tortoises kept as companion animals remain limited. This study investigated trichomonads in four captive companion animals presenting with diarrhea-two sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), one red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria), and one Horsfield's tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii)-using conventional PCR and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Light microscopic examination of fresh fecal samples at a veterinary clinic confirmed the presence of motile protozoa morphologically consistent with trichomonads in all animals. To identify the species, fecal samples were collected from each animal, and DNA was extracted for PCR and metabarcoding targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Trichomonads were not detected in any of the four samples by screening conventional PCR. In contrast, subsequent metabarcoding targeting the V9 region of the 18S rRNA gene successfully identified Trichomitus batrachorum in both tortoises and low abundance trichomonads in one sugar glider. Subsequent PCR using alternative primer sets confirmed the presence of trichomonads in all four animals. Phylogenetic analysis identified T. batrachorum in both tortoises, Simplicimonas sp. in one sugar glider, and Pentatrichomonas hominis in the other sugar glider. These findings expand current knowledge of the host range of trichomonads in captive sugar gliders and tortoises and suggest their possible clinical relevance in these animals presenting with diarrhea.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42432024/\n- **PMID 40011895 (2025, BMC veterinary research)** — 3D exoprosthesis in socket model for dog with amputed pelvic limb: case report.. Abstract (opening):

Background

Disorders of the locomotor system in dogs, such as amputations or malformations, can be not only physically but also emotionally distressing. In this context, advances in medical and technological sciences offer tools and options with the aim of improving the quality of life of animals with locomotor problems. This case report aims to describe the custom development of a 3D exoprosthesis for a dog with an amputated hind limb.

Case presentation

A female dog, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, was admitted to the Veterinary Clinic of the Centro Universitário de João Pessoa-Brazil, with locomotor problems due to low amputation of the left hind limb, without pain or sensitivity to touch on the amputated stump. Measurements of the amputated limb were collected to create a virtual model of the 3D exoprosthesis in a socket model. After simulations and tests, the prosthesis was materialized by 3D printing in collaboration with the Brazilian company 3D Medicine©, using polylactic acid (PLA) as the main material, an organic, lightweight, and resistant synthetic thermoplastic. The exoprosthesis was covered with protective material and fixed to the animal with a compressive bandage. Immediately after fixation, the animal demonstrated support of the limb on the prosthesis while standing, better distribution of body weight and relief of load on the contralateral limb. The increase in the time of use of the prosthesis was gradual and under supervision, after four weeks the dog did not present major difficulties in walking, running, and eating, in addition, no injuries to the amputated stump were observed. Veterinary physiotherapeutic follow-up was recommended.

Conclusion

This case report describes the development of a 3D exoprosthesis for dogs as a cost-effective option to reduce the locomotor impacts of limb amputation and improve quality of life. Techniques using additive manufacturing and 3D technology have immense potential for medical application, especially in veterinary medicine due to the difference in anatomical and body structure between domestic and wild animals.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40011895/\n- **PMID 40872650 (2025, Veterinary sciences)** — Combination of Dexmedetomidine and Low-Dose Ketamine in 4 Sugar Gliders (<i>Petaurus breviceps</i>) Undergoing Elective Castration.. Abstract (opening): Four entire male sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) belonging to the same colony were presented for elective orchiectomy. After clinical examination, dexmedetomidine (120 μg/kg) in combination with ketamine (5 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously (SC). Once righting and pedal withdrawal reflexes were lost, ringer lactate solution, enrofloxacin and meloxicam were administered SC and a bilateral intratesticular block with lidocaine 0.25% was performed. Heart, respiratory rates and pulse oximetry values were recorded every minute. Onset of sedation, additional use of isoflurane, duration of anaesthesia, duration of surgery, time of recovery after atipamezole administration, quality of recovery and time of food intake were recorded. Postoperative assessment (posture, level of activity, vocalisation, response to manipulation, attention to the surgical wound) was performed hourly until discharge, five hours after surgery. Dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine provided adequate short-lasting anaesthesia for castration in 3 out of 4 sugar gliders. One sugar glider needed additional isoflurane administration to perform orchiectomy. No perioperative additional analgesia was needed in any sugar glider.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40872650/\n- **PMID 39723723 (2025, Veterinary dermatology)** — Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps).. Abstract (opening): A 3-year-old male sugar glider presented with pruritus and alopecia primarily affecting the back and neck regions. Dermatologic diagnostics ruled out common causes. Skin biopsies revealed cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma, a rare condition in sugar gliders. Despite treatment, the glider's condition worsened, leading to death. This case highlights the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluation in exotic pets.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39723723/\n- **PMID 40269996 (2025, One health outlook)** — Antibiotic resistance profiles of oral flora in hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius): implications for treatment of human bite wound infections.. Abstract (opening):

Background

The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is found in aquatic environments throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is known to cause attacks on humans living or working close to water bodies. Victims surviving an attack often suffer from the consequences of severe wound infections caused by the animal's sharp canine teeth.

Objective

Isolation of normal flora bacteria from the oral cavity of common hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibious) followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing to aid in the identification of a targeted antibiotic treatment regimen for hippopotamus attack victims.

Methods

Oral swabs were collected from 34 free-ranging hippopotami in three reserves within the Greater Kruger National Park Complex in South Africa and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer method) and a panel of 16 antibiotic drugs representing 10 antibiotic categories.

Results

Culturing of 50 oral swab samples from 34 hippopotami yielded 188 aerobic isolates belonging to 30 bacterial genera and 41 bacterial species (Gram-negative: 70.7%; Gram-positive: 29.3%) and 16 obligate anaerobic isolates from two genera. Three bacterial species, namely Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and Shewanella putrefaciens accounted for 52% of the aerobic isolates. The anaerobic isolates were identified as Prevotella melaninogenica and Clostridium spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 112 aerobic isolates (Gram-negative: 93 (83%); Gram-positive: 19 (17%)) representing all isolated bacterial species. High levels of antibiotic resistance were observed among the Gram-negative species especially to most beta-lactam antibiotics (50.5% to 80.7%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 22.6% of Gram-negative isolates and in 24.1% of all isolates.

Conclusions

This study provides the first investigation of the oral flora bacteria of the common hippopotamus. Among the 32 mostly aerobic bacterial genera the most abundant bacterial species were A. hydrophila, A. sobria and S. putrefaciens. They are typical inhabitants of the aquatic habitat of the hippopotamus and of zoonotic importance as opportunistic human pathogens. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles demonstrated that quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines were highly efficacious against these bacterial species which otherwise showed moderate to high levels of resistance to the traditional bite wound treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate and 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40269996/\n- **PMID 40098797 (2025, Frontiers in public health)** — Noise-induced hearing loss in farmworkers: a scoping review.. Abstract (opening):

Objective

Farmworkers who have prolonged exposure to loud noise are at risk for disabling hearing loss. The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) identify and summarize the evidence on noise-induced hearing loss in farmworkers, (2) describe instruments used to evaluate hearing loss outcomes, (3) describe testing approaches and limitations, and (4) provide recommendations for future studies that seek to quantify hearing loss in this population.

Methods

We performed a systematic search of three electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, to identify articles related to noise-related hearing loss in farmworkers. Our search was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Results

A total of 57 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were undertaken in North America (n = 32, 56%), and most were in the midwestern United States. Farmworkers tended to be white, male, and work in crop agriculture. A total of 47 studies (82%) used audiometry to measure farmworkers' hearing sensitivity, among which testing was carried out at various locations, including hospitals, clinics, farmworkers' homes, and worksites. The criteria for defining hearing loss varied across studies making it difficult to summarize results. Among 14 studies that used a cutoff point greater than 25 decibels, the prevalence of hearing loss ranged between 46 and 98%. Subjective outcomes (used in 14 studies) were typically assessed using a variety of researcher-developed questions. The prevalence of hearing difficulties in this category was as high as 87%.

Conclusion

Hearing loss is prevalent across studies and does not appear to decrease over the years. Our findings call for more research among diverse farmworker populations. Further, given the high prevalence of hearing loss in many of the studies reviewed, there is clearly a need to develop strategies to protect farmworkers from noise exposure and noise-induced hearing loss.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40098797/\n- **PMID 41470888 (2025, Nutrients)** — Plant Oils in Sport Nutrition: A Narrative Literature Review.. Abstract (opening): Background/Objectives. Edible oils derived from herbaceous and woody plants are an important nutritional resource, assuring the health and performance of sportspeople. The aim of this study was to review the inventions and experimental articles referring to the application of vegetable oils in food products for sportspeople and published in the period of 2015-2024. Methods. The literature search was conducted across Google Scholar, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases, as well as by using Google Patents and Espacenet Patent search engines. Results. Altogether, 58 patents and 35 original articles were found. In total, the use of 39 plant taxa belonging to 27 botanical families was documented. The majority of disclosures refer to sports nutrition, post-exercise recovery support, and/or sport performance improvement and may be provided in the form of powders, tablets, beverages, and/or capsules. According to the reviewed studies, the consumption of olive, walnut, and perilla oils beneficially affects the morphological, physiological, and biochemical indicators of sportspeople. The substantial intake of olive oil reported by sportspeople from southern Europe is linked to the recommendations of the Mediterranean diet, while lower consumption of other vegetable oils might be connected to focusing on intake of carbohydrates and/or proteins and/or consumption of other fat sources such as seeds or nuts. Conclusions. Considering the great potential of useful plant species, it might be concluded that future investigations should focus on both (i) further investigations of the effects of well-known vegetable oils on the health and performance of sportspeople, and (ii) searching for novel plant oil sources, suitable for the preparation of food products dedicated to amateur and professional sportspeople.\n Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41470888/\n\nSource text: `pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_sugar_glider_clinical_2026-08-01.txt` (Europe PMC first-hand abstracts, pulled 2026-08-01).\n","sources":["Europe PMC — Evidence cluster — Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC) (retrieved 2026-08-01)"],"source":{"authority":"Europe PMC","title":"Evidence cluster — Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) clinical cases (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42472037/","retrieved":"2026-08-01","ref":"PMID 42472037","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Peer-reviewed Sugar glider clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_sugar_glider_clinical_2026-08-01.txt"},"source_document":"Peer-reviewed Sugar glider clinical-case literature (Europe PMC, first-hand abstracts)","source_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_sugar_glider_clinical_2026-08-01.txt","tokens_estimated":600,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}