{"topic_id":"evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Pet snake (captive serpentes) — diet & nutrition — representative studies (Europe PMC)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Europe PMC REST search (europepmc.org), query '(pet snake OR captive snake OR ball python OR pet python) AND (diet OR nutrition OR feeding OR husbandry)', 1654 hits, pulled 2026-07-22\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition_2026-07-22.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-22\ntokens_estimated: 260\nverification:\n  method: paraphrase\n  claims: 4\n  passed: 4\n  date: 2026-07-22\nsource_document: \"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42375976\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Europe PMC\"\n  title: \"Pet snake (captive serpentes) — diet & nutrition — representative studies (Europe PMC)\"\n  url: \"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375976/\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-22\"\n  ref: \"PMID 42375976\"\n  doc_type: \"official PDF\"\n  needs_review: false\ncopyright_note: \"Mixed licensing per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3: Open Access (CC BY) studies retained verbatim with attribution; non-Open-Access studies paraphrased as derived fact summaries (numbers and proper nouns preserved, sentences rewritten).\"\nlicense: mixed\nauthority_tier: T2\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T2:oa-repo\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\n\n# Pet snake (captive serpentes) — diet & nutrition — representative studies (Europe PMC)\n\nSource: Europe PMC (Europe PubMed Central) REST search, query \"(pet snake OR captive snake OR ball python OR pet python) AND (diet OR nutrition OR feeding OR husbandry)\", 1654 hits (2026-07-22). Each entry is a first-hand peer-reviewed study; the abstract opening is quoted verbatim from the publisher abstract. 6 representative studies below (filtered for species + nutrition relevance).\n\n1. PMID 42375976 — *[Paraphrased derived summary — non-Open-Access source.]* A Bulgarian pilot study examined bacterial diversity in captive snakes, noting snakes are increasingly popular companion animals there yet their role as zoonotic-pathogen reservoirs is underexplored; the excerpt is cut off before the bacterial findings. (Borderline: a snake microbiological/zoonosis pilot, only loosely relevant to snake nutrition—mis-clustered into this topic.)\n2. PMID 40558139 — Antibacterial Activity of Some Essential Oils/Herbal Extracts Against Bacteria Isolated from Ball Pythons ( (Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025). Abstract (opening): Respiratory diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in captive reptiles. In Romania, pneumonia is a frequently observed illness affecting pet reptiles. Key fa *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n3. PMID 41102773 — Gastrointestinal apicomplexan parasites of captive reptiles: diversity, causes, consequences. (BMC veterinary research, 2025). Abstract (opening): Captive reptiles frequently suffer from gastrointestinal parasites, which stem from their breeding conditions such as limited space and frequent contact with faeces, high numbers o *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n4. PMID 39286937 — Trends in Reptile Holdings Across UK Zoos: Identification of the Factors Responsible for Declining Numbers of Venomous Snake. (Zoo biology, 2024). Abstract (opening): Zoos are under increasing pressure to strategically manage their collections to maximize visitor attendance, financial income, and their contribution to conservation. As a result,  *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n\nNote: study selection and synthesis are left to the API consumer; this topic only surfaces primary sources with verbatim abstract openings.\n\nSource text: `pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition_2026-07-22.txt` (Europe PMC REST + PubMed efetch, 2026-07-22).\n\n## License & attribution\n\nMixed licensing per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3: Open Access (CC BY / CC BY-NC /\nCC BY-NC-ND) studies are reproduced verbatim with attribution under their specific\nCC license; non-Open-Access studies are paraphrased as derived fact summaries\n(numbers and proper nouns preserved, sentences rewritten). Original records:\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375976/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40558139/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41102773/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39286937/\n\n## Cleaning removal log (2026-08-05, codebuddy)\nPMID 41017027 — Human salmonellosis from reptile exposure (Ontario) — human epidemiology; reptiles are the source, not a snake-subject nutrition study (rule 1).\nPMID 40218366 — Animal-welfare impacts of international wildlife trade — general review, not snake-subject (rule 2).\n","sources":["Europe PMC — Pet snake (captive serpentes) — diet & nutrition — representative studies (Europe PMC) (retrieved 2026-07-22)"],"source":{"authority":"Europe PMC","title":"Pet snake (captive serpentes) — diet & nutrition — representative studies (Europe PMC)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375976/","retrieved":"2026-07-22","ref":"PMID 42375976","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42375976","verification_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition_2026-07-22.txt"},"source_document":"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42375976","source_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_exotic_snake_nutrition_2026-07-22.txt","trust":{"authority_tier":"T2","fidelity":"paraphrase","license":"mixed","display_grade":"B"},"tokens_estimated":260,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}