{"topic_id":"evidence_equine_behavior_diet","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_equine_behavior_diet\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Horse — behavior & stereotypic / anxiety management — dietary management (Europe PMC)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"Europe PMC REST search (europepmc.org), query '(horse OR equine) AND (behavior OR stereotypic OR anxiety OR stress) AND (diet OR nutrition OR feeding OR management)', 81285 hits, pulled 2026-07-22\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_equine_behavior_diet_2026-07-22.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-22\ntokens_estimated: 260\nverification:\n  method: paraphrase\n  claims: 30\n  passed: 30\n  date: 2026-07-22\nsource_document: \"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42193726\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"Europe PMC\"\n  title: \"Horse — behavior & stereotypic / anxiety management — dietary management (Europe PMC)\"\n  url: \"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193726/\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-07-22\"\n  ref: \"PMID 42193726\"\n  doc_type: \"official PDF\"\n  needs_review: false\ncopyright_note: \"Mixed licensing per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3: Open Access (CC BY) studies retained verbatim with attribution; non-Open-Access studies paraphrased as derived fact summaries (numbers and proper nouns preserved, sentences rewritten).\"\nlicense: mixed\nauthority_tier: T2\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T2:oa-repo\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-04\n---\n\n# Horse — behavior & stereotypic / anxiety management — dietary management (Europe PMC)\nSource: Europe PMC REST search, query \"(horse OR equine) AND (behavior OR stereotypic OR anxiety OR stress) AND (diet OR nutrition OR feeding OR management)\", 81285 hits (2026-07-22). 6 representative studies below (filtered for species + nutrition relevance).\n\n1. PMID 42193726 — Welfare Assessment in Equine-Assisted Service (EAS) Horses. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): Equine-Assisted Service (EAS) horses can be exposed to stressors that affect their behavior and welfare. Previous studies investigated behavioral and physiological indicators (PI)  *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n2. PMID 42028318 — Opportunities for agency in domestic horses: Applying the behavioural domain to increase equine welfare. (Animal welfare (South Mimms, England), 2026). Abstract (opening): Giving animals the opportunity to exercise agency can improve their welfare, but horse owners and researchers may not be aware of the growing body of agency research in other anima *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n3. PMID 42193848 — Farm Atmosphere: Calm Attention and Mobility Characterise Positive Horse Welfare. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): On-farm welfare assessment of equines is a challenge given the large diversity of management practices, especially in terms of housing and activities. In our study, we tested time  *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n4. PMID 42151949 — *[Paraphrased derived summary — non-Open-Access source.]* A 2026 BMC Veterinary Research study tested concentrates with different energy levels on growth performance, blood indicators, and fecal microbiota of Mongolian horses in late gestation; the excerpt is cut off after background on the history of horse breeding and management. (Clustered under behavior-diet but is actually a late-gestation growth-nutrition study; borderline on-topic for equine diet.)\n5. PMID 42046067 — A scoping review of neuroendocrinological biomarkers with potential for use in equine behavioral medicine practice. (BMC veterinary research, 2026). Abstract (opening): BACKGROUND: Equine emotion and welfare are of increasing concern to the general public, equestrians and researchers. There is growing demand for more objective indicators of specif *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n6. PMID 42278060 — The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Horses' Nutrition-A Review. (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). Abstract (opening): This narrative review presents examples of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in horse nutrition. Fats are essential in equine nutrition, serving not only as an energy source but  *[CC BY — Open Access, verbatim with attribution.]*\n\nNote: study selection and synthesis are left to the API consumer; this topic only surfaces primary sources with verbatim abstract openings.\n\nSource text: `pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_equine_behavior_diet_2026-07-22.txt` (Europe PMC REST + PubMed efetch, 2026-07-22).\n\n## License & attribution\n\nMixed licensing per COPYRIGHT_POLICY §3: Open Access (CC BY / CC BY-NC /\nCC BY-NC-ND) studies are reproduced verbatim with attribution under their specific\nCC license; non-Open-Access studies are paraphrased as derived fact summaries\n(numbers and proper nouns preserved, sentences rewritten). Original records:\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42028318/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42046067/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42151949/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193726/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193848/\n- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278060/\n","sources":["Europe PMC — Horse — behavior & stereotypic / anxiety management — dietary management (Europe PMC) (retrieved 2026-07-22)"],"source":{"authority":"Europe PMC","title":"Horse — behavior & stereotypic / anxiety management — dietary management (Europe PMC)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193726/","retrieved":"2026-07-22","ref":"PMID 42193726","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42193726","verification_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_equine_behavior_diet_2026-07-22.txt"},"source_document":"Veterinary / medical evidence (guideline or study) — PMID 42193726","source_file":"pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_evidence_equine_behavior_diet_2026-07-22.txt","trust":{"authority_tier":"T2","fidelity":"paraphrase","license":"mixed","display_grade":"B"},"tokens_estimated":260,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}