{"topic_id":"evidence_canine_calcium_oxalate_urolith_diet","category":"evidence","context":"---\ntopic_id: evidence_canine_calcium_oxalate_urolith_diet\ncategory: evidence\ntitle: \"Evidence cluster — dietary management of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs (peer-reviewed, Europe PMC + PubMed)\"\nlang: en\nsource_file: pdf-raw/evidence/europepmc_canine_calcium_oxalate_urolith_diet_2026-07-22.txt\nsource: Europe PMC REST search (first-hand PMIDs) + PubMed efetch verbatim abstracts, pulled 2026-07-22\ndate_parsed: 2026-07-22\nmodel: codebuddy\nbatch: P0-EVIDENCE-8\nverified: 2026-07-22 substring_match 24/24 claims passed\npath: evidence/evidence_canine_calcium_oxalate_urolith_diet/01_canine_calcium_oxalate_urolith_diet.md\n---\n## Representative peer-reviewed studies (verbatim abstracts)\n\nThe following studies were retrieved from Europe PMC / PubMed and are reproduced verbatim. Interpretive synthesis is left to the API user.\n\n### PMID:41961373 — Serum and urine metabolomic profiling in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis.\n- Source: Metabolomics 2026\n1. Metabolomics. 2026 Apr 10;22(2):50. doi: 10.1007/s11306-026-02429-1.\n\nSerum and urine metabolomic profiling in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and \nwithout calcium oxalate urolithiasis.\n\nCoffey EL(1), Gomez A(2), Tate NM(3), Baker LA(4), Lulich JP(5), Furrow E(5).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint \nPaul, MN, USA. coffe099@umn.edu.\n(2)Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.\n(3)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint \nPaul, USA.\n(4)Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, \nWI, USA.\n(5)Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint \nPaul, MN, USA.\n\nINTRODUCTION: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is associated with metabolic \ndisorders, including dyslipidemia. Improved understanding of underlying \nmetabolic derangements is needed. The Miniature Schnauzer presents an \nopportunity to investigate connections between hyperlipidemia and CaOx stones, \nas both are prevalent in the breed.\nOBJECTIVES: To characterize lipidomic (serum) and metabolomic (serum and urine) \nprofiles in Miniature Schnauzers with (cases) and without (controls) CaOx \nurolithiasis.\nMETHODS: Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy \nwas performed on serum from cases (n = 15) and controls (n = 27) for lipidomic \nand metabolomic analysis. Urine metabolomics was included for a subset of dogs. \nTen metabolites with previously established biological links to urolithiasis \nwere prespecified as \"high priority.\" Cases and controls were compared to \nidentify differentially abundant metabolites (FDR-adjusted q-values).\nRESULTS: No lipid species were differentially abundant. Three serum metabolites \ndiffered between groups (all lower in cases): 10-undecenoate, \nN-delta-acetylornithine, and glutarate (q-values 0.005, 0.03, and 0.009, \nrespectively). Cluster analysis of high priority metabolites identified a subset \nof cases with distinct profiles, characterized by lower citrate and higher \nphosphate, glycine, and hippurate. Urinary profiles exhibited 202 differentially \nabundant metabolites, including higher acetylcarnitine and carnitine in cases \n(q-values 0.002 for both).\nCONCLUSIONS: No differences in lipids were identified between Miniature \nSchnauzers with and without CaOx stones. Distinct metabolic subsets of stone \nformers might exist within the breed. Reduced N-delta-acetylornithine in stone \nformers is also reported in human stone formers and might reflect dietary acid \nload. Acetylcarnitine and carnitine enrichment in the urine of stone formers \nalso warrants further exploration.\n\n© 2026. The Author(s).\n\nDOI: 10.1007/s11306-026-02429-1\nPMCID: PMC13068756\nPMID: 41961373 [Indexed for MEDLINE]\n\nConflict of interest statement: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors \ndeclare no competing interests. Ethical approval: Sample collection was approved \nby the University of Minnesota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee \n(protocols 1207 A-17243, 1509–33019 A, and 1807–36213 A). Written, informed \nowner consent was acquired prior to sample collection.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:Metabolomics 2026\n1. Metabolomics. 2026 Apr 10;22(2):50. doi: 10.1007/s11306-026-02429-1.\n\nSerum and urine metabolomic profiling in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and \nwithout calcium oxalate\n\n### PMID:41897919 — Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Urolithiasis Formation in Dogs: A Preliminary Study.\n- Source: Animals (Basel) 2026\n1. Animals (Basel). 2026 Mar 17;16(6):942. doi: 10.3390/ani16060942.\n\nNeutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Urolithiasis Formation in Dogs: A \nPreliminary Study.\n\nShi H(1)(2), Ren R(1), Zeng L(1), Zhang Y(1), Zhang W(1), Qiao M(1), Jin \nY(1)(2).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing \n100193, China.\n(2)China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100193, \nChina.\n\nCanine urolithiasis is a common and highly recurrent urinary tract disease, with \nstruvite and calcium oxalate being the predominant stone types. Stone formation \nhas traditionally been attributed to urinary physicochemical factors, including \nurine pH, mineral supersaturation, and urinary tract infection. However, these \nfactors alone cannot fully explain the persistent growth and rapid progression \nof stones in affected dogs. In this study, we provide evidence that innate \nimmune mechanisms, particularly neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), are \nassociated with canine urolith formation. We found that neutrophils, key cells \nof the innate immune system, release neutrophil extracellular traps composed of \nDNA and antimicrobial proteins, which are consistently present within urinary \nstones and their surrounding microenvironments. Common canine urinary pathogens \nwere shown to trigger this response, and these immune-derived structures \npromoted crystal nucleation, aggregation, and stone growth in experimental \nsystems. Importantly, enzymatic degradation of NETs by DNase I attenuated \nNET-associated stone growth under in vitro conditions. These findings suggest \nthat canine urinary stones develop not only as a consequence of physicochemical \nfactors, but also in association with inflammation-driven biomineralization \nprocesses involving NETs. Recognizing the contribution of innate immunity \nprovides new insight into stone recurrence and may inform future preventive and \ntherapeutic strategies.\n\nDOI: 10.3390/ani16060942\nPMCID: PMC13023266\nPMID: 41897919\n\nConflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:Animals (Basel) 2026\n1. Animals (Basel). 2026 Mar 17;16(6):942. doi: 10.3390/ani16060942.\n\nNeutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Urolithiasis Formation in Dogs: A \nPreliminary Study.\n\nShi H(\n\n### PMID:42414994 — Off-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis: a case report.\n- Source: BMC Vet Res 2026\n1. BMC Vet Res. 2026 Jul 7. doi: 10.1186/s12917-026-05684-5. Online ahead of\nprint.\n\nOff-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with recurrent calcium oxalate \nurolithiasis: a case report.\n\nPakhawala J(1).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Department of Internal Medicine, Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, \nNY, USA. Jpakhawala@gmail.com.\n\nBACKGROUND: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is a common and recurrent \ncondition in dogs, typically managed with dietary modification, thiazide \ndiuretics, and potassium citrate. In human medicine, sodium-glucose \ncotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as dapagliflozin are increasingly used \nto manage diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and have been shown to \nalter urinary factors associated with nephrolithiasis. Their effects in \nveterinary patients, however, remain uncharacterized. This case report describes \nthe novel off-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with refractory CaOx \ncystolithiasis despite standard preventive therapies.\nCASE PRESENTATION: An 8-year-old neutered male Chihuahua with a history of \nrecurrent CaOx urolithiasis experienced multiple episodes of stone recurrence \ndespite adherence to a therapeutic stone-prevention diet, hydrochlorothiazide, \nand potassium citrate. Dapagliflozin was initiated off-label as adjunctive \ntherapy to evaluate its potential impact on urinary calcium excretion. Pre- and \npost-treatment urinalyses and urine calcium-to-creatinine ratios were compared. \nFollowing initiation, the dog developed glucosuria, acidic urine, and increased \nurine specific gravity, while urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratios remained \nelevated. The medication was discontinued after 12 days due to concerns about \nunderhydration.\nCONCLUSIONS: Short-term SGLT2 inhibition combined with a thiazide diuretic did \nnot reduce hypercalciuria and may increase lithogenic risk if fluid intake is \ninsufficient to offset the osmotic diuresis. This case underscores the \nimportance of hydration monitoring and highlights potential pharmacologic \ninteractions when using SGLT2 inhibitors off-label in dogs. Further controlled \nstudies are needed to elucidate their safety and therapeutic role in managing \nCaOx urolithiasis in veterinary patients.\n\n© 2026. The Author(s).\n\nDOI: 10.1186/s12917-026-05684-5\nPMID: 42414994\n\nConflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to \nparticipate: Owner informed consent for all diagnostic and therapeutic \ninterventions, as well as for inclusion of anonymized clinical data in this case \nreport, was obtained at the time of treatment. Consent for publication: Not \napplicable. Competing interests: The author declare no competing interests.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:BMC Vet Res 2026\n1. BMC Vet Res. 2026 Jul 7. doi: 10.1186/s12917-026-05684-5. Online ahead of\nprint.\n\nOff-label use of dapagliflozin in a dog with recurrent calcium oxalate \nurolithiasis: a c\n\n### PMID:41742526 — Outcomes of medical dissolution for suspected struvite uroliths in dogs using a therapeutic multipurpose urinary diet and antimicrobial therapy.\n- Source: J Vet Intern Med 2026\n1. J Vet Intern Med. 2026 Jan 21;40(1):aalaf061. doi: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalaf061.\n\nOutcomes of medical dissolution for suspected struvite uroliths in dogs using a \ntherapeutic multipurpose urinary diet and antimicrobial therapy.\n\nToillion AR(1), Gilyot S(1), Lulich JP(2), Furrow E(2).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS 66601, United States.\n(2)Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College \nof Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.\n\nBACKGROUND: The consensus recommendation is to medically dissolve suspected \nstruvite uroliths in dogs. However, more data is needed on outcomes for \nprotocols using therapeutic multipurpose urinary foods formulated for both \nstruvite urolith dissolution and calcium oxalate urolith prevention.\nHYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe outcomes for medical dissolution of suspected \nstruvite uroliths in dogs using a therapeutic multipurpose urinary food and \nconcurrent or recent antimicrobial therapy.\nANIMALS: Thirteen client-owned dogs with suspected struvite uroliths.\nMETHODS: Single-institution, retrospective case series (observational) of dogs \nfed a therapeutic multipurpose urinary food for dissolution of suspected \nstruvite uroliths. Dogs had to be treated with antimicrobials concurrently or \nhave an absence of bacteriuria on urine microbial culture after recently \ncompleted antimicrobial therapy. Follow-up abdominal imaging was required. \nPatient and urolith characteristics, dissolution outcomes, and complications \nwere summarized.\nRESULTS: Complete urolith dissolution occurred in 9 (8 with cystoliths and 1 \nwith nephroliths) of 13 dogs included in the study. Mean time until \ndocumentation of complete dissolution was 71 ± 52 days. Eight of the dogs with \ncomplete dissolution had bacteriuria less than 60 days prior to urolith \ndiagnosis. Mean duration of antimicrobial therapy for dogs with successful \ndissolution was 66 ± 49 days. All dogs without complete dissolution had uroliths \nwith non-struvite shells (composed of 80%-100% calcium). No dog developed a \nurethral obstruction during the dissolution trial.\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Struvite uroliths can be effectively \ndissolved in dogs with a therapeutic multipurpose urinary food and antimicrobial \ntherapy. A non-struvite urolith layer is a common cause of unsuccessful \ndissolution.\n\n© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the \nAmerican College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.\n\nDOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalaf061\nPMCID: PMC12881935\nPMID: 41742526\n\nConflict of interest statement: Alyssa R. Toillion is employed by Hill’s Pet \nNutrition, Inc. Selena Gilyot is a former employee of Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:J Vet Intern Med 2026\n1. J Vet Intern Med. 2026 Jan 21;40(1):aalaf061. doi: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalaf061.\n\nOutcomes of medical dissolution for suspected struvite uroliths in dogs using a \ntherapeu\n\n### PMID:41001835 — In Vivo Radiographic Characteristics Associated With the Mineral Composition of Calcium Oxalate, Struvite, and Cystine Lower Urinary Tract Uroliths in Dogs.\n- Source: J Vet Intern Med 2025\n1. J Vet Intern Med. 2025 Nov-Dec;39(6):e70252. doi: 10.1111/jvim.70252.\n\nIn Vivo Radiographic Characteristics Associated With the Mineral Composition of \nCalcium Oxalate, Struvite, and Cystine Lower Urinary Tract Uroliths in Dogs.\n\nPulido Vega D(1), Motteau-Lévêque M(2), Maurey C(3), Mortier J(1).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Service of Diagnostic Imaging, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, \nMaisons-Alfort, France.\n(2)École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.\n(3)Service of Internal Medicine, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRAE, \nANSES, UMR Virology, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France.\n\nBACKGROUND: Identifying urolith mineral composition (UMC) is crucial for \ntreatment and prevention; however, current data rely on macroscopic or ex vivo \nstudies.\nOBJECTIVES: To describe in vivo radiographic characteristics of canine lower \nurinary tract (LUT) uroliths and identify discriminating radiographic features \namong UMC types.\nANIMALS: Two hundred and two dogs with LUT uroliths composed of ≥ 70% calcium \noxalate (n = 109), struvite (n = 58), or cystine (n = 35).\nMETHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Radiographs were evaluated for \nurolith size, shape, surface, borders, internal architecture, and quantitative \nradiopacity, and also assessed using a ratio of urolith-to-L5 vertebra pixel \nvalues (UOR). The diagnostic performance of urolith size and UOR was assessed \nwith receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, calculating the area under \nthe ROC curve (AUC).\nRESULTS: Calcium oxalate uroliths were often highly radiopaque, associated with \nconcurrent nephroliths, had unique shapes such as bosselated or spiculated, and \nless commonly ovoid. Struvite uroliths were larger (median: 15 mm; IQR: \n8.1-25.8 mm) with a cut-off of ≥ 11 mm (AUC = 0.82, p < 0.001; specificity: 91%, \nsensitivity: 67%) and were associated with pyramidal shapes or solitary \ncystoliths. Cystine uroliths had lower radiopacity (median UOR: 0.71; IQR: \n0.63-0.80), with a cut-off of UOR ≤ 0.83 (AUC = 0.81, p < 0.001; specificity: \n67%, sensitivity: 84%).\nCONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In vivo radiographic characteristics such \nas size, shape, and radiopacity can help differentiate LUT mineral compositions, \nenabling non-invasive diagnosis and guiding treatment.\n\n© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley \nPeriodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.\n\nDOI: 10.1111/jvim.70252\nPMCID: PMC12464727\nPMID: 41001835 [Indexed for MEDLINE]\n\nConflict of interest statement: Authors declare no off‐label use of \nantimicrobials. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:J Vet Intern Med 2025\n1. J Vet Intern Med. 2025 Nov-Dec;39(6):e70252. doi: 10.1111/jvim.70252.\n\nIn Vivo Radiographic Characteristics Associated With the Mineral Composition of \nCalcium Oxalat\n\n### PMID:42154599 — Protocol for establishing an infrared spectral reference library for canine urolith analysis.\n- Source: STAR Protoc 2026\n1. STAR Protoc. 2026 Jun 19;7(2):104588. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104588. Epub\n2026  May 19.\n\nProtocol for establishing an infrared spectral reference library for canine \nurolith analysis.\n\nRuiz-Ramírez V(1), Silva-Agredo J(1), Manrique-Moreno M(2).\n\nAuthor information:\n(1)Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of \nAntioquia - UdeA, Medellin, Antioquia 050010, Colombia.\n(2)Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of \nAntioquia - UdeA, Medellin, Antioquia 050010, Colombia. Electronic address: \nmarcela.manrique@udea.edu.co.\n\nCanine urolithiasis is a common, recurrent urinary disorder in dogs, posing \nsignificant clinical and economic burdens. Breed predispositions suggest genetic \nand metabolic influences. Accurate determination of urolith composition is \nessential for effective treatment and prevention. Here, we present a protocol to \ngenerate an infrared spectral library of key mineral components for canine \nurolith analysis. We describe steps for mineral selection, preparation of \nreference spectra, and library construction. We then detail a workflow for \nreliable urolith analysis.\n\nCopyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\n\nDOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104588\nPMCID: PMC13213795\nPMID: 42154599 [Indexed for MEDLINE]\n\nConflict of interest statement: Declaration of interests The authors declare no \ncompeting interests.\n- Abstract (verbatim excerpt): \nJOURNAL:STAR Protoc 2026\n1. STAR Protoc. 2026 Jun 19;7(2):104588. doi: 10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104588. Epub\n2026  May 19.\n\nProtocol for establishing an infrared spectral reference library for canine \nuro\n\n","sources":[],"tokens_estimated":3039,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}