{"topic_id":"companion_breed_health_siberian_husky_omia475_dog","category":"companion-breed-health","context":"---\nlicense: permission_granted\ntopic_id: companion_breed_health_siberian_husky_omia475_dog\ncategory: companion-breed-health\ntitle: \"Siberian Husky — Cryptorchidism (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals, University of Sydney) breed-specific hereditary-disorder record, saved verbatim to source_file; C1 substring-verified. Pulled 2026-08-02 from local OMIA database dump.\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/breed-health/siberian_husky_omia475_475.txt\ndate_parsed: 2026-08-02\ntokens_estimated: 796\nverification:\n  method: substring_match\n  claims: 10\n  passed: 10\n  date: 2026-08-02\nrecovered: false\npath: companion-breed-health/companion_breed_health_siberian_husky_omia475_dog/01_companion_breed_health_siberian_husky_omia475_dog.md\nsource_document: \"OMIA — Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (University of Sydney)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"OMIA — Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (University of Sydney)\"\n  title: \"Siberian Husky — Cryptorchidism (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)\"\n  url: \"https://omia.org/OMIA000243/9615/\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-08-02\"\n  ref: \"OMIA breed-specific hereditary-disorder records (omia.org), derived from local OMIA database dump; dataset: https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70\"\n  doc_type: \"academic animal-genetics database (breed-specific disorder entries)\"\n  needs_review: false\n\n\n# Siberian Husky — Cryptorchidism (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)\n\nSource: first-hand OMIA (University of Sydney) breed-specific hereditary-disorder record, saved verbatim to `source_file`; every claim below is a C1 byte-substring of it.\n\n## Claims\n\n- `Breed: Siberian Husky (Dog)`\n- `Disorder: `\n- `Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial`\n- `Summary: Cryptorchidism is characterized by the presence of one or two undescended testes in an otherwise phenotypically normal male (isolated cryptorchidism). Canine cryptorchidism is common in the dog population as a whole, with high prevalence in some breeds. Undescended testes have an increased risk of developing neoplasia. Breeding of affected dogs is discouraged. Edited by Vicki N. Meyers-Wallen, VMD, PhD, Dipl. ACT, modified by Imke Tammen [28/09/2023]`\n- `Clin feat: Undescended testes may be located anywhere from the caudal pole of the kidney to the inguinal canal, or outside of the canal but cranial to the scrotum (Meyers-Wallen, 2011). Canine testes normally pass through the inguinal canal within 10 days after birth (Gier and Marion, 1969), but scrotal testes are not easily palpable in neonates. Dogs can be considered cryptorchid if one or both testes are not palpable in the scrotum by 6 to 8 weeks of age (Meyers-Wallen, 2011). Later testis descent can occur, and is more common with unilaterally cryptorchid dogs (Dunn et al., 1968).`\n- `Defect: yes`\n- `Pathology: There is an increased risk of neoplasia (Sertoli cell tumor, seminoma) in undescended testes. Unilateral cryptorchid dogs may have reduced fertility and bilateral cryptorchid dogs are sterile, as spermatogonia are depleted in undescended testes. Cryptorchid testes can occur in association with other DSD, such as Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, AMHR2-related in Miniature Schnauzers (a href=../../../../../../OMIA002775/9615/OMIA:002775-9615/a) and XX difference of sexual development (a href=../../../../../../OMIA000901/9615/OMIA:000901-9615/a) in several breeds. As testes descend, they transit through the abdomen and inguinal canal to the scrotum. Testosterone and INSL3 (insulin like factor 3), both secreted by Leydig cells, induce the growth and differentiation in the gubernaculum, which is needed for normal testicular descent. Mutations in INSL3 or its receptor (LGR8/GREAT) cause cryptorchidism in humans, but no analogous mutations have been discovered in dogs. Human males with heterozygous INSL3 mutations are unilaterally cryptorchid at birth, but the testis descends later, usually at puberty (Tomboc et al., 2000, Ferlin et al., 2003). Other candidate genes for cryptorchidism in humans are the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER, Pathirana, 2010).`\n- `Prevalence: Canine isolated cryptorchidism is common, with different studies reporting prevalence from 6.8% of males presented for neutering to 1.4% of dogs at 6-12 months of age (Hayes et al., 1985, Yates et al., 2003). Prevalence is higher in Siberian Husky dogs, and in smaller breeds compared to larger breeds (Zhao et al., 2010, Pathirana et al., 2010).`\n- `Control: Breeding of fertile cryptorchid animals (as well as their parents or siblings) is discouraged. The AVMA states that it is unethical for a veterinarian to surgically correct cryptorchidism without also sterilizing the animal.`\n- `Gen test: There are no reliable genetic tests available at this time.`\n## Evidence (references)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose.\n- 1953. Cryptorchidism in Cocker Spaniels.. Journal of Heredity — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1938. Die verebung des Kryptorchismus beim Hund. Kleinter u Pesztier — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID4391618 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1970. Torsion of the retained testicle in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice — PubMed:PMID4393846 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. Bilateral sertoli cell tumor in a canine cryptorchid with accompanying pathological lesions. Canadian Veterinary Journal — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1960. Inheritance of cryptorchidism. Journal of Animal Health Trust — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1955. Cryptorchidism in the dog. Veterinary Record — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1989. Cryptorchidism in Dogs. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde — PubMed:PMID2572074 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1991. Canine cryptorchidism.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract — PubMed:PMID1677504 | DOI:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50059-0 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Congenital Abnormalities in Immature Dogs from a Pet Store -  253 Cases (1987-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID8095494 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Pituitary Response of Cryptorchid Dogs to LH-RH-Analogue  Before and After Sexual Maturation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science — PubMed:PMID8096403 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Hematuria, Hyperestrogenemia, and Hyperprogesteronemia Due to  a Sertoli-Cell Tumor in a Bilaterally Cryptorchid Dog. Canine Practice — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- (42 additional references in OMIA)\n\n## Comparative medicine (human OMIM)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. Links this animal disorder to its human OMIM entry for comparative/translational context.\n- OMIM:219050 (type: trait) — OMIA Group_OMIM (via OMIA_ID)\n## Evidence (references)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose.\n- 1953. Cryptorchidism in Cocker Spaniels. Journal of Heredity — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1938. Die verebung des Kryptorchismus beim Hund. Kleinter u Pesztier — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID4391618 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1970. Torsion of the retained testicle in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice — PubMed:PMID4393846 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. Bilateral sertoli cell tumor in a canine cryptorchid with accompanying pathological lesions. Canadian Veterinary Journal — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1960. Inheritance of cryptorchidism. Journal of Animal Health Trust — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1955. Cryptorchidism in the dog. Veterinary Record — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1989. Cryptorchidism in Dogs. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde — PubMed:PMID2572074 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1991. Canine cryptorchidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract — PubMed:PMID1677504 | DOI:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50059-0 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Congenital Abnormalities in Immature Dogs from a Pet Store -  253 Cases (1987-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID8095494 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Pituitary Response of Cryptorchid Dogs to LH-RH-Analogue  Before and After Sexual Maturation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science — PubMed:PMID8096403 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Hematuria, Hyperestrogenemia, and Hyperprogesteronemia Due to  a Sertoli-Cell Tumor in a Bilaterally Cryptorchid Dog. Canine Practice — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- (42 additional references in OMIA)\n\n## Comparative medicine (human OMIM)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. Links this animal disorder to its human OMIM entry for comparative/translational context.\n- OMIM:219050 (type: trait) — OMIA Group_OMIM (via OMIA_ID)\n## Evidence (references)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- 1953. Cryptorchidism in Cocker Spaniels. Journal of Heredity — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1938. Die verebung des Kryptorchismus beim Hund. Kleinter u Pesztier — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID4391618 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1970. Torsion of the retained testicle in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice — PubMed:PMID4393846 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. Bilateral sertoli cell tumor in a canine cryptorchid with accompanying pathological lesions. Canadian Veterinary Journal — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1960. Inheritance of cryptorchidism. Journal of Animal Health Trust — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1955. Cryptorchidism in the dog. Veterinary Record — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1989. Cryptorchidism in Dogs. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde — PubMed:PMID2572074 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1991. Canine cryptorchidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract — PubMed:PMID1677504 | DOI:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50059-0 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Congenital Abnormalities in Immature Dogs from a Pet Store -  253 Cases (1987-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID8095494 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Pituitary Response of Cryptorchid Dogs to LH-RH-Analogue  Before and After Sexual Maturation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science — PubMed:PMID8096403 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Hematuria, Hyperestrogenemia, and Hyperprogesteronemia Due to  a Sertoli-Cell Tumor in a Bilaterally Cryptorchid Dog. Canine Practice — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- (42 additional references in OMIA)\n\n## Comparative medicine (human OMIM)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- OMIM:219050 (type: trait) — OMIA Group_OMIM (via OMIA_ID)\nverification_derived:\n  method: derived_from_dataset\n  source: \"OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); fields Gene/Variant/Article/OMIM\"\n  note: \"Structured fields (gene, variant rsID/protein change, PubMed/DOI references, OMIM cross-link) extracted from OMIA dump and presented with first-hand values; not verbatim prose.\"\n## Evidence (references)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- 1953. Cryptorchidism in Cocker Spaniels. Journal of Heredity — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1938. Die verebung des Kryptorchismus beim Hund. Kleinter u Pesztier — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID4391618 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1970. Torsion of the retained testicle in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice — PubMed:PMID4393846 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. Bilateral sertoli cell tumor in a canine cryptorchid with accompanying pathological lesions. Canadian Veterinary Journal — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1960. Inheritance of cryptorchidism. Journal of Animal Health Trust — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1955. Cryptorchidism in the dog. Veterinary Record — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1989. Cryptorchidism in Dogs. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde — PubMed:PMID2572074 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1991. Canine cryptorchidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract — PubMed:PMID1677504 | DOI:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50059-0 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Congenital Abnormalities in Immature Dogs from a Pet Store -  253 Cases (1987-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID8095494 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Pituitary Response of Cryptorchid Dogs to LH-RH-Analogue  Before and After Sexual Maturation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science — PubMed:PMID8096403 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Hematuria, Hyperestrogenemia, and Hyperprogesteronemia Due to  a Sertoli-Cell Tumor in a Bilaterally Cryptorchid Dog. Canine Practice — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- (42 additional references in OMIA)\n\n## Comparative medicine (human OMIM)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- OMIM:219050 (type: trait) — OMIA Group_OMIM (via OMIA_ID)\nverification_derived:\n  method: derived_from_dataset\n  source: \"OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); fields Gene/Variant/Article/OMIM\"\n  note: \"Structured fields (gene, variant rsID/protein change, PubMed/DOI references, OMIM cross-link) extracted from OMIA dump and presented with first-hand values; not verbatim prose.\"\n## Evidence (references)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- 1953. Cryptorchidism in Cocker Spaniels. Journal of Heredity — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1938. Die verebung des Kryptorchismus beim Hund. Kleinter u Pesztier — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. The relationship between cryptorchidism and canine testicular neoplasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID4391618 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1970. Torsion of the retained testicle in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice — PubMed:PMID4393846 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1969. Bilateral sertoli cell tumor in a canine cryptorchid with accompanying pathological lesions. Canadian Veterinary Journal — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1960. Inheritance of cryptorchidism. Journal of Animal Health Trust — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1955. Cryptorchidism in the dog. Veterinary Record — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1989. Cryptorchidism in Dogs. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde — PubMed:PMID2572074 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1991. Canine cryptorchidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract — PubMed:PMID1677504 | DOI:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50059-0 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Congenital Abnormalities in Immature Dogs from a Pet Store -  253 Cases (1987-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association — PubMed:PMID8095494 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Pituitary Response of Cryptorchid Dogs to LH-RH-Analogue  Before and After Sexual Maturation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science — PubMed:PMID8096403 — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- 1993. Hematuria, Hyperestrogenemia, and Hyperprogesteronemia Due to  a Sertoli-Cell Tumor in a Bilaterally Cryptorchid Dog. Canine Practice — OMIA Phene_Article / Article\n- (42 additional references in OMIA)\n\n## Comparative medicine (human OMIM)\nDerived from OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); structured field, not verbatim prose. First-hand values below are verbatim substrings of the topic's pdf-raw/omia/<phene_id>.txt source file.\n- OMIM:219050 (type: trait) — OMIA Group_OMIM (via OMIA_ID)\nverification_derived:\n  method: derived_from_dataset\n  source: \"OMIA database dump (omia.xml, local); fields Gene/Variant/Article/OMIM\"\n  note: \"Structured fields (gene, variant rsID/protein change, PubMed/DOI references, OMIM cross-link) extracted from OMIA dump and presented with first-hand values; not verbatim prose.\"\n","sources":["companion-breed-health — Siberian Husky — Cryptorchidism (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)"],"source":{"authority":"companion-breed-health","title":"Siberian Husky — Cryptorchidism (hereditary; OMIA-verified breed predisposition)","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4391618/","retrieved":"","ref":"PMID 4391618","doc_type":"official source","source_document":"","verification_file":""},"source_document":"","source_file":"","trust":{"authority_tier":"ungraded","fidelity":"verbatim","license":null,"display_grade":"pending"},"tokens_estimated":2922,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}