{"topic_id":"EFSA_FEEDAP_copper_betaine_safety","category":"efsa","context":"---\ntopic_id: EFSA_FEEDAP_copper_betaine_safety\ncategory: efsa\ntitle: \"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)\"\nlang: en\nsource: \"EFSA FEEDAP scientific opinion, EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817 (DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7817)\"\nsource_file: pdf-raw/efsa_l/copperbetaine_b6.xml\nsource_type: journal_article\ndate_parsed: 2026-08-06\ntokens_estimated: 460\nverified: true\nverification:\n  method: paraphrase\n  claims: 6\n  passed: 6\n  date: 2026-08-06\nsource_document: \"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)\"\ncitation:\n  authority: \"EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)\"\n  title: \"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)\"\n  url: \"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7817\"\n  retrieved: \"2026-08-06\"\n  ref: \"EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817\"\n  doc_type: \"EFSA scientific opinion (Europe PMC OA full-text XML)\"\n  needs_review: false\nauthority_tier: T1\nauthority_tier_basis: \"T1:eu-body\"\nauthority_tier_date: 2026-08-06\n---\n# EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species\n\nSource: EFSA FEEDAP scientific opinion, EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817 (DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7817), retrieved 2026-08-06 via Europe PMC OA full-text XML. Paraphrase of an EFSA opinion that the source XML tags CC-BY-ND; per project COPYRIGHT_POLICY only facts/numbers/proper-nouns are quoted verbatim, sentences rewritten.\n\n## Editorial context (read this before using the data point)\n\nThis is the **EFSA FEEDAP** jurisdiction on the nutrient/additive **copper(II)-betaine complex (trace element, copper source)** — one of five nutrient-safety opinions in this final batch (Task L). Read with the `efsa` nutrient endpoints and AAFCO/FEDIAF provisions for the same nutrient.\n\n## Key findings (paraphrase; numbers and proper nouns verbatim from source)\n\n- A tolerance study shows the additive is **safe for chickens for fattening**; this **extrapolates to all animal species provided the EU maximum authorised total-copper levels in feed are not exceeded**.\n- **Consumer safety**: no concern provided max authorised total copper levels are respected.\n- **User safety — key caveat**: owing to the **presence of nickel**, the additive is a **skin and respiratory sensitiser** and an **eye irritant** (but non-irritant to skin).\n- **Environment**: safe for terrestrial species and land-based aquaculture; **no conclusion** for marine sediment safety in sea cages.\n- **Efficacy cannot be demonstrated** from the available data.\n\n## Pet-food relevance\n\nA copper source for pet (and livestock/aquaculture) diets. The binding constraint is the EU maximum total-copper level; the nickel-driven sensitiser/eye-irritant warning is the practical handling note. Directly cross-references the efsa trace-element/copper endpoints.\n\n## Scope note / honest gap\n\nParaphrase of an EFSA opinion; source XML licence tag was CC-BY-ND, so this topic quotes only data points verbatim and rewrites prose. Specific EU max copper ppm values are not quoted (they sit in the authorisation, not the conclusion text); consult the EU register for exact numbers.\n","sources":["OFT3 — EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817) (retrieved 2026-08-06)"],"source":{"authority":"OFT3","title":"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)","url":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7817","retrieved":"2026-08-06","ref":"","doc_type":"official PDF","source_document":"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)","verification_file":"pdf-raw/efsa_l/copperbetaine_b6.xml"},"source_document":"EFSA FEEDAP — copper(II)-betaine complex for all animal species: safe if max EU copper not exceeded; nickel makes it skin & respiratory sensitiser, eye irritant (EFSA Journal 2023;21(2):e07817)","source_file":"pdf-raw/efsa_l/copperbetaine_b6.xml","trust":{"authority_tier":"T1","fidelity":"paraphrase","license":null,"display_grade":"C"},"tokens_estimated":470,"generated_at":null,"tip":"Use /api/v1/topics to discover more topics. /api/v1/nutrient for precise single-point queries. /api/v1/cross_compare for 2-3 standard comparisons."}